Biotechnological production of lycopene by microorganisms
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MINI-REVIEW
Biotechnological production of lycopene by microorganisms Lei Li 1 & Zhen Liu 1 & Hong Jiang 1 & Xiangzhao Mao 1,2 Received: 27 August 2020 / Revised: 13 October 2020 / Accepted: 18 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Lycopene is a dark red carotenoid belonging to C40 terpenoids and is widely found in a variety of plants, especially ripe red fruits and vegetables. Lycopene has been shown to reduce the risk of prostate cancer, other cancers, and cardiovascular disease. It is one of the most widely used carotenoids in the healthcare product market. Currently, commercially available lycopene is mainly extracted from tomatoes. However, production of lycopene from plants is costly and environmentally unfriendly. To date, there have been many reports on the biosynthesis of lycopene by microorganisms, providing another route for lycopene production. This review discusses the lycopene biosynthetic pathway and natural and engineered lycopene-accumulating microorganisms, as well as their production of lycopene. The effects of different metabolic engineering strategies on lycopene accumulation are also considered. Furthermore, this work presents perspectives concerning the microbial production of lycopene, especially trends to construct microbial cell factories for lycopene production. Key points • Recent achievements in the lycopene biosynthesis in microorganisms. • Review of lycopene biosynthetic metabolism engineering strategy. • Discuss the current challenges and prospects of using microorganisms to produce lycopene. Keywords Lycopene . Microorganism . Metabolic engineering . Carotenoids . Microbial cell factory . Synthetic biology
Introduction Carotenoids are important natural lipid-soluble pigments that are usually yellow, orange, or red. They are widely found in both plants and microorganisms. According to their chemical structure, carotenoids can be divided into two groups: carotenes, containing only carbon and hydrogen elements, such as β-carotene and lycopene, and xanthophylls, containing oxygen-containing functional groups such as lutein and astaxanthin (Arathi et al. 2015). Methods of obtaining carotenoids include extraction from plants and algae, chemical
* Zhen Liu [email protected] * Xiangzhao Mao [email protected] 1
College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
2
Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
synthesis, or microbial synthesis (Gong and Bassi 2016). Due to their various physiological activities, carotenoids are widely used in food, medicine, and other industries and play an important role in human health. For example, β-carotene is one of the most studied carotenoids and can help prevent cardiovascular disease, reduce the incidence of cataracts and macular degeneration, and has been used as an anticancer and antioxidant drug (Rodriguez-Concepcion et al. 2018). Lycopene is a carotenoid intermediate i
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