Methods of Power-Force-Velocity Profiling During Sprint Running: A Narrative Review
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Methods of Power-Force-Velocity Profiling During Sprint Running: A Narrative Review Matt R. Cross1 • Matt Brughelli1 • Pierre Samozino2 • Jean-Benoit Morin1,3
Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016
Abstract The ability of the human body to generate maximal power is linked to a host of performance outcomes and sporting success. Power-force-velocity relationships characterize limits of the neuromuscular system to produce power, and their measurement has been a common topic in research for the past century. Unfortunately, the narrative of the available literature is complex, with development occurring across a variety of methods and technology. This review focuses on the different equipment and methods used to determine mechanical characteristics of maximal exertion human sprinting. Stationary cycle ergometers have been the most common mode of assessment to date, followed by specialized treadmills used to profile the mechanical outputs of the limbs during sprint running. The most recent methods use complex multiple-force plate lengths in-ground to create a composite profile of over-ground sprint running kinetics across repeated sprints, and macroscopic inverse dynamic approaches to model mechanical variables during overground sprinting from simple time-distance measures during a single sprint. This review outlines these approaches
& Matt R. Cross [email protected] 1
Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
2
Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
3
Universite´ Coˆte d’Azur, LAMHESS, Nice, France
chronologically, with particular emphasis on the computational theory developed and how this has shaped subsequent methodological approaches. Furthermore, training applications are presented, with emphasis on the theory underlying the assessment of optimal loading conditions for power production during resisted sprinting. Future implications for research, based on past and present methodological limitations, are also presented. It is our aim that this review will assist in the understanding of the convoluted literature surrounding mechanical sprint profiling, and consequently improve the implementation of such methods in future research and practice.
Key Points Power-force-velocity relationships can be assessed during maximal sprinting using a variety of methods and technologies — from multiple trials performed on friction-braked cycle ergometers and specialised treadmills, to ‘simplified’ techniques employing a single over ground trial measured via timing gates, radar, or even cellular devices. Although the direct development of mechanical profiling spans almost a century, the rapid expansion of these and other methods in recent years has led to limited data on modern equipment. While there is growing evidence to support the value of these techniques, future studies should look to collect normative data on highly trained cohorts and examine t
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