Microbial, Plant, and Invertebrate Test Methods in Regulatory Soil Ecotoxicology
Standard tests have been used in soil ecotoxicology for about 40 years, but there is still room for improvement, such as (1) increased use of such tests because of regulatory requirements, in particular for the risk assessment of chemicals (mainly pestici
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Contents 1 Introduction 2 Overview on Soil Ecotoxicological Test Methods 2.1 Soil Properties 2.2 Biological Test Methods 2.3 Bioavailability in Prospective and Retrospective Risk Assessment 3 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects References
Abstract Standard tests have been used in soil ecotoxicology for about 40 years, but there is still room for improvement, such as (1) increased use of such tests because of regulatory requirements, in particular for the risk assessment of chemicals (mainly pesticides) and, to a lesser extent, of contaminated soils; (2) increased efforts regarding the standardization of ecotoxicological methods, handled either by OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) prospectively for individual chemicals or by ISO (International Organization for Standardization) retrospectively for contaminated soils; (3) increased inclusion of ecological aspects, i.e., by performing higher-tier tests under semi-field and field conditions. However, until quite recently, nominal concentrations of the stressors are used, meaning that their bioavailability was not taken into account. We are providing an overview on currently required and/or proposed ecotoxicological effect tests, covering OECD and ISO methods for main soil organism groups (microbes, invertebrates, and plants). Based on this overview, we discuss how the current set of test methods could be improved, trying to capture ecological reality by addressing issues such as
J. Römbke (*) ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Flörsheim, Germany e-mail: [email protected] F. Martin-Laurent Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, FrancheComté, France Jose Julio Ortega-Calvo and John Robert Parsons (eds.), Bioavailability of Organic Chemicals in Soil and Sediment, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_566, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
J. Römbke and F. Martin-Laurent
different soils, species, endpoints, and exposure (i.e., bioavailable instead of nominal/total concentrations). The TRIAD approach is highlighted as an example how bioavailability could be implemented in soil quality regulations. Keywords Bioavailability, Ecotoxicology, Invertebrates, Microorganisms, Organic pollutants, Plants, Soil, Standard tests
1 Introduction Standard tests have been used in soil ecotoxicology for about 40 years. Actually, the “earthworm acute toxicity” and the “Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth” tests are seen as the first regulatory important documents for soil invertebrates and plants, respectively [1, 2]. About 10 years later, test methods to assess the effects of chemicals on soil organisms started to develop in different directions which can be characterized in short as follows: – Regulatory requirements, both on the national (Germany, France, USA, Canada) and the international level (mainly the European Union), increased with a strong focus on assessing the risks of chemically active ingredients (i.e., that part of the pesticide formulation which is biologically potent), mainly plant protection products (PPPs, also c
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