Microbiomes in agricultural and mining soils contaminated with arsenic in Guanajuato, Mexico
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Microbiomes in agricultural and mining soils contaminated with arsenic in Guanajuato, Mexico María Elena López‑Pérez1 · Adriana Saldaña‑Robles1,2 · Gabriela Ana Zanor1,3 · Jorge E. Ibarra4 · María Cristina Del Rincón‑Castro1,5 Received: 25 May 2020 / Revised: 28 June 2020 / Accepted: 2 July 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this report, physical and chemical properties, and total arsenic (As) concentrations were analyzed in agricultural (MASE) and mining soils (SMI) in the State of Guanajuato, México. Additionally, a metagenomic analysis of both types of soils was the bases for the identification and selection of bacteria and fungi resistant to As. The SMI soil showed higher concentra‑ tion of As (39 mg kg−1) as compared to MASE soil (15 mg kg−1). The metagenome showed a total of 175,240 reads from both soils. MASE soil showed higher diversity of bacteria, while the SMI soil showed higher diversity of fungi. 16S rRNA analysis showed that the phylum Proteobacteria showed the highest proportion (39.6% in MASE and 36.4% in SMI) and Acidobacteria was the second most representative (24.2% in SMI and 11.6% in MASE). 18S rRNA analysis, showed that the phylum Glomeromycota was found only in the SMI soils (11.6%), while Ascomycota was the most abundant, followed by Basidiomycota, and Zygomycota, in both soils. Genera Bacillus and Penicillium were able to grow in As concentrations as high as 5 and 10 mM, reduced As (V) to As (III), and removed As at 9.8% and 12.1% rates, respectively. When aoxB, arsB, ACR3(1), ACR3(2,) and arrA genes were explored, only the arsB gene was identified in Bacillus sp., B. simplex, and B. megaterium. In general, SMI soils showed more microorganisms resistant to As than MASE soils. Bacteria and fungi selected in this work may show potential to be used as bioremediation agents in As contaminated soils. Keywords Agricultural soil · Mining soil · Arsenic · Bacteria · Biodiversity · Fungi
Introduction In the State of Guanajuato, Mexico, the agricultural land occupies 969,000 ha that generate 8.69 million tons, mainly of barley, corn, sorghum, alfalfa, broccoli, and wheat. This
represents a market of approximately 42 billion USD and Guanajuato occupies the ninth position in Mexican agricul‑ tural production (http://www.inegi.org.mx/temas/agricultur a/). However, economic development associated to popula‑ tion growth has caused a serious impact on soil resources.
Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt. * María Cristina Del Rincón‑Castro [email protected] 1
Posgrado en Biociencias, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus Irapuato‑Salamanca, Km. 9.0 Carr. Irapuato‑León, 36500 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
2
División de Ciencias de la Vida, Departamento de Ingeniería Agrícola, Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus Irapuato‑Salamanca, Km. 9.0 Carr. Irapuato‑León, 36500 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
3
División de Ciencias de la Vida, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus Ir
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