Micromechanical and Structural Analysis of Compromised Dental Tissues
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Micromechanical and Structural Analysis of Compromised Dental Tissues Erin K Mahoney1,2, Nicky M Kilpatrick3, Michael V Swain1,4 1 Biomaterials, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia 2 Paediatric Dentistry, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada 3 Department of Dentistry, Royal Children Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia 4 Department of Oral Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
ABSTRACT With the continual development of new dental materials and treatment techniques, dental materials research is now more important than ever. Although the traditional method of materials and treatment technique assessment was laboratory based, there is a need for investigations into the clinical outcomes of in-vitro research. The aim of this paper is to discuss the micromechanical and structural analysis of compromised dental tissues that affect young children, using a biomaterial and clinical approach. INTRODUCTION There are a number of causes of developmental defects in children. The most common defect is dental caries which is the bacterial degradation of dental hard tissues. Enamel caries and its ability to be remineralised is well understood. In contrast, there has been less interest in remineralisation of dentine caries. The second most common developmental defect is enamel hypomineralisation and/or hypoplasia. Enamel hypoplasia is characterised by a deficiency of tooth substance that ranges from minor pits and grooves to total absence of enamel caused by a disruption to the ameloblasts during matrix secretion [1,2,3]. If the disruption occurs during either the calcification or maturation phase of enamel formation then upon eruption, portions of the teeth will appear opaque. This is a qualitative defect termed enamel hypomineralisation. Although together enamel hypomineralisation and dental caries, account for the majority of work of a dentist treating young children, there is presently a lack of both biomaterial and clinical research on enamel and dentine of affected tissues. Therefore, the mechanical and microstructural properties of firstly, carious dentine from primary incisors and, then, of both enamel and dentine in developmentally defective permanent molar teeth were determined using (amongst other techniques) an ultra-micro-indentation system (UMIS). These studies improved the biomechanical understanding of these compromised tissues such that it was then possible to develop a unique in-vivo study to evaluate the changes in the mechanical and microstructural properties of tooth tissue brought about by some conventional restorative treatments. Each of these investigations will be discussed in turn as together they contribute to the understanding of the physical properties of compromised tissues and the effects of dental treatment on these properties.
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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES All teeth used in this series of studies were obtained by extraction as part of a child’s overall dental treatment. Ethical approval was obtained from WSAHS and CSAHS for these series of
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