Microplastics in Soils and Sediment: Sources, Methodologies, and Interactions with Microorganisms
The massive scope of plastic and microplastic pollution in soils and sediments requires broad and thorough studies to understand details of the extent and effects of these persistent pollutants. Plastic particulate pollutants in the environment are subjec
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Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Sources and Presence of Microplastics in Soil Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Sources and Presence of Microplastics in Sediment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Methodology for Collection and Analysis of Microplastics in Soil and Sediment . . . . . . . . . . 12 Microplastics in Soil and Sediment Microbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Abstract
The massive scope of plastic and microplastic pollution in soils and sediments requires broad and thorough studies to understand details of the extent and effects of these persistent pollutants. Plastic particulate pollutants in the environment are subjected to natural processes, fragment over time into smaller pieces, and influence the surrounding biota. Land environments, from open fields to agricultural fields to watersheds and deep ocean sediment, have been subjected to plastics/microplastics from a variety of sources and via natural and anthropogenic transport for many years. A number of different sampling, processing, and detection methods have been used to identify and quantify the loads of microplastics in soils and sediments. Scientific studies are still lacking systematic, standardized protocols, which will allow for accurate comparisons and compilations of data from around the world. This review chapter highlights many studies published over the past several years on land environments affected by J. R. Peller (*) Department of Chemistry, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, IN, USA e-mail: [email protected] J. P. McCool Department of Geography and Meteorology, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, IN, USA M. Watters Department of Biology, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, IN, USA © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 T. Rocha-Santos et al. (eds.), Handbook of Microplastics in the Environment, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10618-8_38-1
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microplastics. The chapter also summarizes the most common experimental methodologies and the studies on the known and potential effects on certain microoganisms and the microbiome. More studies, guided by standardized procedures, are required to better understand the scope of microplastic pollution in the terrestrial environments in the midst of rising plastic manufacturing. The numerous studies of microplastic pollution on living systems are concerning, showing substantial
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