Microplastics Pollution and Regulation
Microplastics pollution of terrestrial and marine environmental compartments is an issue of concern worldwide, but information on the key sources, pathways, distribution, and impacts is still scarce in many cases, fragmentary at best, and typically diffic
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Contents Microplastics: A Global Threat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Global Monitoring: Gaps and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Regulatory Framework Around MPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Global . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Regional and National Governance Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industry Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Next Steps: The Way Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Abstract
Microplastics pollution of terrestrial and marine environmental compartments is an issue of concern worldwide, but information on the key sources, pathways, distribution, and impacts is still scarce in many cases, fragmentary at best, and typically difficult to compare owing to a lack of harmonization in methodologies. In this chapter, we present the latest evidence of microplastics as a global threat, together with current knowledge gaps, the challenges associated with establishing a global monitoring system and what legislative framework might be needed for J. Gago (*) Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Vigo, Spain e-mail: [email protected] A. M. Booth · R. Tiller SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] T. Maes Grid-Arendal, Arendal, Norway e-mail: [email protected] J. Larreta AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Pasaia, Spain e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 T. Rocha-Santos et al. (eds.), Handbook of Microplastics in the Environment, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10618-8_52-1
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their control. The chapter will also describe the complexity of this environmental problem, highlighting the key reasons for why regulation at the local, regional, and global levels is currently limited and discussing possible ways forward.
Microplastics: A Global Threat The growth of the plastics industry has been immense, increasing 8.7% annually from 1.7 million tons per year in 1950 to 359 million tons produced today (Gourmelon 2015). Approximately 30% of all this plastic is estimated to currently still be in use and, owing to its durability, a high
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