Modelling air change rate of naturally ventilated dairy buildings using response surface methodology and numerical simul
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Modelling air change rate of naturally ventilated dairy buildings using response surface methodology and numerical simulation
1. Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Skejby Nordlandsvej 301, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark 2. Department of Engineering for Livestock Management, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany 3. Department of Technology Assessment and Substance Cycles, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany 4. Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environmental Engineering, University of Zielona Góra, Licealna 9/9, 65-417 Zielona Góra, Poland 5. Department of Farm Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, BAU Main Road, 2202 Mymensingh, Bangladesh 6. Institute of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Free University Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
Abstract
Keywords
The air change rate (ACR) of naturally ventilated dairy buildings (NVDBs) plays an important part in
emission estimation,
the design and control of the ventilation system, as well as in the estimation of the gaseous emission rate. The objectives of this research were to model the ACR based on a quantitative investigation
computational fluid dynamics,
of the relationship between the ACR and its potential influencing factors, including the opening ratio (r), the building length to width ratio (α), the wind speed (U), and the wind direction (θ). The
response surface model
investigations were performed using the response surface methodology integrated with the Box-Behnken design and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. Three response surface models of the ACR of NVDBs were established for three opening ratio ranges of 5%–42.5%, 42.5%–80%, and 5%–80%, respectively. It was found that the selection of the opening ratio range had almost no effect on the developed response surface models. The results showed that the ACR of NVDBs was not influenced by α, but was significantly affected by r, U, θ, and interaction effects between every two of the three factors. The highest ACR was 6.7 s−1, 6.0 s−1, and 4.0 s−1 when θ, U,
Box-Behnken design,
Article History Received: 20 January 2020 Revised: 03 July 2020 Accepted: 24 July 2020 © Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
indicating that the r played an important role in the value of ACR. It was concluded that in the prediction of the ACR of a building, the influences of both individual and interactional effects of θ, U, and r should be considered.
Introduction
Dairy cattle buildings are often naturally ventilated. The design of a naturally ventilated dairy building (NVDB) and the control of its ventilation system are important for the health, welfare and production of animals (De Paepe et al. 2012). During the design and the control process, the air change rate (ACR) of the building is an important parameter.
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