Modern Electrical Drives: An Overview
An electrical drive, as shown in Fig. 1.1 can be defined in terms of its ability to efficiently convert energy from an electrical power source to a mechanical load. The main purpose of the drive is to control a mechanical load or process. The direction of
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Modern Electrical Drives: An Overview
1.1 Introduction An electrical drive, as shown in Fig. 1.1 can be defined in terms of its ability to efficiently convert energy from an electrical power source to a mechanical load. The main purpose of the drive is to control a mechanical load or process. The direction of energy flow is generally from electrical to mechanical, i.e., motoring mode with power flow from the power source to the mechanical load via the converter and machine as shown in Fig. 1.1. However, the energy flow can in some cases be reversed, in which case the drive often is configured bi-directional to also allow energy flow from the mechanical load to the power source, i.e., generating mode. Modern electrical drives, as considered in this book, utilize power electronic devices to (digitally) control this power conversion process, a feature which is highlighted in Fig. 1.1 by the presence of the modulator and controller unit. Note that in some cases the modulator is simply removed in which case the power electronic devices in the converter are controlled directly via the controller module. In addition, the controller module shown in Fig. 1.1 must be able to communicate with higher level computer systems because drives are progressively networked. Communication links to high-level computer networks are required to support a range of functions, such as commissioning, initialization, diagnostics, and higher level process control. The embedded digital controller shown in Fig. 1.1 houses the high speed logic devices, processors, and electronic circuitry needed to accommodate the sensor signals derived from mechanical and electrical sensors. Furthermore, and most importantly, suitable control algorithms must be developed to facilitate the power conversion processes within the drive. From this perspective, drive technology can be considered as a relative “newcomer.” This statement maybe put in perspective by considering that electrical machine development commenced approximately one hundred and 60 years ago. However, with the advent of new materials and new design tools, novel machine concepts such as linear machines, PM magnet, switched reluctance, and transversal flux machines, to name only a © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 R. W. De Doncker et al., Advanced Electrical Drives, Power Systems, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48977-9_1
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1 Modern Electrical Drives: An Overview
Fig. 1.1 Typical drive setup block diagram
few, have been developed over the past 30 years. Although the era of modern, silicon based power semiconductors started just about 60 years ago with the introduction of Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs), which are nowadays called thyristors, high power MOS-gated turn-off devices, which are essential to develop voltage source converters, became available only 35 years ago. Simultaneously, high speed digital signal processing devices have come to maturity, i.e. their computational speed increased from 5 MIPs to 100 MFLOPs, over the past 35 years. Furthermore, suitable control algorit
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