Modulation of sugar and nitrogen in callus induction media alter PAL pathway, SA and biomass accumulation in rice callus
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Modulation of sugar and nitrogen in callus induction media alter PAL pathway, SA and biomass accumulation in rice callus Rahmatullah Jan1 · Muhammad Aaqil Khan1 · Sajjad Asaf2 · In‑Jung Lee1 · Kyung‑Min Kim1 Received: 26 December 2019 / Accepted: 17 September 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract In this study, the effect of varying nitrogen and sucrose concentrations in culture media was evaluated with respect to biomass production, accumulation of flavonoids, anthocyanin, and associated gene expression in rice callus. The callus was induced on control MS (M1), sugar-deficient (M2), sugar-excessive (M3), nitrogen-deficient (M4), and nitrogen-excessive (M5) media. The results indicated that the callus induction percentage (CIP) as well as the size and fresh weight of the callus were inhibited by all types of media compared with control media. Varying the sucrose and nitrogen concentration significantly affected callus morphology and caused a browning effect. Genes related to flavonoid biosynthesis (CHS, CHI, F3H, FLS and DFR) were upregulated in the callus cultured in all four media types compared with control media. Likewise, flavonoid and anthocyanin accumulation were higher in callus grown in excessive sugar- and nitrogen-containing media compared with control media. Unlike flavonoids, salicylic acid (SA) regulation was significantly higher in callus grown in sugar- and nitrogen-deficient media compared with control media. Sugar content was significantly higher in callus cultured in sugarexcessive media, whereas it was reduced in the callus cultured in the other media types compared with control media. Finally, chlorophyll was reduced in all callus media compared with the control media. Key message The current study concluded that, varying concentration of sugar and nitrogen inhibit callus development and morphology via alteration of secondary metabolites and their related genes. Keywords Flavonoids · Anthocyanin · Nitrogen · Callus induction · Chlorophyll
Introduction
Communicated by Ranjith Pathirana. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-020-01938-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Kyung‑Min Kim [email protected] 1
Division of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak‑ro, Buk‑gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
Natural and Medical Science Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
2
Rice is the most essential cereal crop and a staple food for almost half of the world’s population. During the last 10 to 15 years, significant developments have been made in plant tissue culture which has become indispensable for plant biotechnology. These techniques not only focus on improving the existing cultivar, but are also instrumental for the development of new cultivars that are high yielding, and resistant to disease and environmental stress (Abdalla and Mühling 2009; Tariq et al. 20
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