Motor Phonetics A Study of Speech Movements in Action
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Cr. 8t'/ll
Orig. 2IX6 cm. "a, a, a, a," as compared with "ba, ba, ba, ba." L, Lip movement; the usual forms for the syllable "ha." A, Air-pressure in mouth: The tracing for the consonant "b" is defective. C, Chest pressure: Shows a distinct pulse for each syllable.
'n' neighin'" it seldom happens, as SIEVERS assumes, that the "n" position is retained; this does oeeasionally take plaee, but as a rule the tongue makes a definite stroke for eaeh syllable. The same observations hold for the series of "l"s in "Li!' 'll lie low." KLESTADT gives pneumographie traeings of speeeh in whieh eaeh syllable is clearly indieated by a ehest pulse. 2) At the beginning of this rapid expiratory movement whieh produees a syllable, the positive muscle-group eontracts suddenly, the air is eompressed in the ehest, and in a few hun-
') Grundzüge, p. sg; commented Oll by F. DE SAUSSURE, Cours Ling. p. 94· ') Zur qualitative Analyse der Sprechatmung, Zschr. f. Hals-, Nase, u. Ohren-h. 12, '25, 257-277.
MOTOR PHONETICS.
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dredths of a second a puff of air escapes; this is the ehest pulse. Sometimes the vocal cords give a tone; sometimes the glottis is open as in whispering or in whistling. This movement is arrested by the contraction of the negative muscle-group (muscles which inflate the ehest in inspiration) and the puff ceases as the pressure falls in the ehest. This is a balistic movement with seif-release and self-arrest. If the movement were not self-arrested it would trail off in a
r'l.f./1 Rapid series ofbreath pulsestaken from the nose. The articulatory organs were in positon for a whispered "m" in 294 d, and for a whispered "n" in 294 a. The vocal cords were relaxed so that there is no possibility of a glottal catch or other consonantal movement. d is at the rate of c. 10.5 per sec. a is at the rate of c. 8 per sec. The series a and d are from different subjects. The record shows that the musdes of ehest used in speech, work quite as rapidly as any of the small musdes of the body.
sigh or a moan. If a consonant is incorporated, we may have the syllable "ta" in which the ehest pulse is released by the consonant; or the syllable "at" in wich the ehest pulse is arrested by the consonant. All phoneticians are agreed that the releasing and arresting consonants are unlike. Campare Fig. 6 p. 219 where "eat . .. " becomes "tea . . . " The speed of the syllable movement is very rapid and approximates that of the most rapid balistic movement. It is possible to repeat a single vowellike "a, a, . . " at the rate of 5-7 per sec. The highest speed is obtained when the syllable has an occlusive releasing consonant; "ta, ta .. " can be repeated at the rate of 7-10 per sec.; the speed depends slightly on the rhythmic grouping and is equivalent to the maximum repetition time ("tapping time") of the subject. It is interesting that the ehest musdes are capable ofproducing
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R. H.
STETSON.
7-10 pulses per sec. This is the highest speed of small and wellcoordinated musdes like those of the hand. Tracings such as those shown in Fig. 4 p
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