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2019 • Volume 9, Issue 2

SPECIAL ISSUE PROSPECTIVES: SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY Towards the directed evolution of protein materials Anton Kan and Neel S. Joshi, Harvard University, USA Protein materials have emerged as a powerful instrument for a new generation of biological materials, with many chemical and mechanical capabilities. Through the manipulation of DNA, researchers can design proteins at the molecular level, engineering a vast array of protein materials. However, the capability to rationally design and predict the properties of such materials is limited. Directed evolution has emerged as a powerful tool to improve biological systems through mutation and selection, presenting another avenue to produce novel protein materials. In this prospective review, the authors discuss the application of directed evolution for protein materials, reviewing current examples and developments that could facilitate the evolution of protein for material applications. DOI.org/10.1557/mrc.2019.28

Synthetic biology for the development of bio-based binders for greener construction materials Virginia Echavarri-Bravo, Ian Eggington, and Louise E. Horsfall, The University of Edinburgh, UK The development of more sustainable construction materials is a crucial step toward the reduction of CO2 emissions to mitigate climate change issues and minimize environmental impacts of the associated industries. Therefore, there is growing demand for bio-based binders, which are not only safer toward human and environmental health but also facilitate cleaner disposal of the construction materials and enable their compostability. Here, the authors summarize the most relevant bio-based polymers and molecules with applications in the construction sector, and include an evaluation of existing biotechnological processes and potential synthetic biology advances that may impact future development and production. DOI.org/10.1557/mrc.2019.39

Synthetic biology for fibers, adhesives and active camouflage materials in protection and aerospace Aled D. Roberts, William Finnigan, Emmanuel Wolde-Michael, Paul Kelly, Jonny J. Blaker, Sam Hay, Rainer Breitling, Eriko Takano, and Nigel S. Scrutton, The University of Manchester, UK Synthetic biology has huge potential to produce the next generation of advanced materials by accessing previously unreachable (bio)chemical space. In this prospective review, we take a snapshot of current activity in this rapidly developing area, focusing on prominent examples for high-performance

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applications such as those required for protective materials and the aerospace sector. The continued growth of this emerging field will be facilitated by the convergence of expertise from a range of diverse disciplines, including molecular biology, polymer chemistry, materials science, and process engineering. This review highlights the most significant recent advances and addresses the cross-disciplinary challenges currently being faced. DOI.org/10.1557/mrc.2019.35

Bioderived protoporphyrin IX incorporation into a metal–orga