Nanofluid-Induced Wettability Gradient and Imbibition Enhancement in Natural Porous Media: A Pore-scale Experimental Inv
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Nanofluid‑Induced Wettability Gradient and Imbibition Enhancement in Natural Porous Media: A Pore‑scale Experimental Investigation Wendi Kuang1 · Soheil Saraji1 · Mohammad Piri1 Received: 29 August 2019 / Accepted: 23 July 2020 / Published online: 19 August 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract There are several key factors proposed in the literature responsible for oil mobilization and recovery by nanofluids as enhanced oil recovery agents. These factors include interfacial tension (IFT) reduction, wettability alteration, inhibition of fines migration, and flow profile control. However, there is not a general consensus on the relative contribution and importance of each factor. Moreover, very little pore-scale evidence for the role of these mechanisms in a natural porous medium is available, especially for carbonate rocks. To fill the gaps, we directly studied mechanisms leading to oil mobilization by SiOx - and Al2O3-based nanofluids at the pore-scale. A set of spontaneous imbibition tests was performed in both Berea sandstone and Fond-du-Lac dolomite samples. Three-dimensional high-resolution fluid occupancy maps were captured using an X-ray micro-CT scanner, and in-situ contact angle distributions were obtained at different locations directly from the X-ray images. We found that wettability reversal rather than IFT reduction was the main pore-scale mechanism for oil recovery using simple nanofluids (without other chemical additives). Furthermore, in Berea, there was a synergistic effect between the non-ionic surfactant and SiOx nanoparticles for enhancing oil recovery through both IFT reduction (due to surfactant) and wettability reversal (due to nanoparticles). A set of statistical analyses of the trapped oil ganglia in Berea shows that the surfactant-augmented SiOx nanofluid generated smaller oil ganglia, which further proves that nanofluid can assist in oil mobilization. Keywords Nanofluid · Wettability · Pore-scale · Imbibition
1 Introduction Despite the importance of crude oil as a main fossil energy resource, only up to 20% of the original oil in place is usually recovered from reservoirs through primary production (Sandrea and Sandrea 2007). Even after water injection, a widely deployed secondary recovery technique, more than half of the oil is still left underground (Sandrea and Sandrea 2007; Lu * Soheil Saraji [email protected] 1
Department of Petroleum Engineering, Center of Innovation for Flow through Porous Media, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070, USA
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et al. 2014). Hence, advanced enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods are necessary and of significant interest to the oil industry. The EOR agents that are receiving increasingly more attention in the oil industry are nanofluids (Negin et al. 2016), which are colloidal solutions comprising nanoparticles and chemical agents. Theoretically, the inherent ultra-small size and the high surface-area-to-volume ratio of nanoparticles can endow nanofluids with the potential abilities to lower inte
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