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Introduction Nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used as functional building blocks to fabricate multidimensional (D) ordered assemblies for developing “artificial solids” (e.g., metamaterials).1–5 NPs exhibit size- and shape-dependent chemical and physical properties that enable their integration into a wide range of applications, including surface-enhanced Raman sensors, optical and electronic coatings, and catalysts for the growth of carbon nanotubes. One of the most successful applications of NPs is the use of semiconductor quantum dots such as CdSe for biosensors and bioimaging. Due to the size-dependent emission of CdSe NPs, their surfaces have been functionalized with antibodies or DNA pieces to specifically bind to targeted cells for sensing or imaging. Beyond the size- and shape-dependent properties

of individual NPs, the unique collective behavior that results from NP assembly leads to useful chemical and physical properties that can be tuned by altering assembly geometry and interparticle separation.6–8 To date, fabrication of ordered NP assemblies has relied on specific interparticle chemical or physical interactions such as van der Waals interactions,3 dipole–dipole interaction,9 chemical reactions,1,10,11 and DNA-templating,4,12,13 at ambient pressure. These techniques enable self-assembly of higherdimensional NP structures such as ordered NP thin films or superlattices from single NPs. In this article, we will briefly discuss the control of interparticle separation and exchange coupling at ambient pressure, followed by highlights on stressinduced metal NP phase transformation, consolidation, and optical coupling.

Feng Bai, Henan University, China; [email protected] Kaifu Bian, Sandia National Laboratories, USA; [email protected] Binsong Li, Sandia National Laboratories, USA; [email protected] Huimeng Wu, Olympus Scientific Solution Americas, USA; [email protected] Leanne J. Alarid, Sandia National Laboratories, USA; [email protected] Hattie C. Schunk, Sandia National Laboratories, USA; [email protected] Paul G. Clem, Sandia National Laboratories, USA; [email protected] Hongyou Fan, Sandia National Laboratories and The University of New Mexico, USA; [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/mrs.2015.260

© 2015 Materials Research Society

MRS BULLETIN • VOLUME 40 • NOVEMBER 2015 • www.mrs.org/bulletin

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NANOMATERIALS UNDER STRESS: A NEW OPPORTUNITY FOR NANOMATERIALS SYNTHESIS AND ENGINEERING

Control of interparticle separation and exchange coupling of NPs One of the outstanding challenges in the fields of nanophotonics and metamaterials is the ability to achieve precise control of the structural characteristics of macroscopic NP superlattices, such as interparticle distance and proximate NP coordination numbers, to enhance efficiency of energy (or charge) coupling or transfer for applications in sensing, solid-state lighting, solar-energy conversion, and electricalenergy storage.14–17 In particular, three-dimensional (3D) metal nanostructure arrays with strong and tunable surface plasmonic r