Synthesis, physics, and applications of ferroelectric nanomaterials
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Synthesis, physics, and applications of ferroelectric nanomaterials Mark J. Polking, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 A. Paul Alivisatos, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 Ramamoorthy Ramesh, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 Address all correspondence to A. Paul Alivisatos, Ramamoorthy Ramesh at [email protected]; [email protected] (Received 23 November 2014; accepted 11 February 2015)
Abstract Improvement of both solution and vapor-phase synthetic techniques for nanoscale ferroelectrics has fueled progress in fundamental understanding of the polar phase at reduced dimensions, and this physical insight has pushed the boundaries of ferroelectric phase stability and polarization switching to sub-10 nm dimensions. The development and characterization of new ferroelectric nanomaterials has opened new avenues toward future nonvolatile memories, devices for energy storage and conversion, biosensors, and many other applications. This prospective will highlight recent progress on the synthesis, fundamental understanding, and applications of zero- and one-dimensional ferroelectric nanomaterials and propose new directions for future study in all three areas.
Introduction Since the discovery of ferroelectricity in Rochelle salt nearly a century ago, ferroelectrics have transitioned from an academic curiosity to serious contenders in the fields of nonvolatile memory devices, actuators for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices, mechanical energy conversion, and many other applications at the forefront of modern science.[1–3] Although research on ferroelectrics remains primarily confined to the realm of epitaxial thin films, new methods for the synthesis, processing, and integration of ferroelectric nanomaterials in zero and one-dimensional forms is poised to reinvigorate research on both the applications and fundamental science of ferroelectric materials. The last decade has witnessed the rapid development of new synthetic pathways to low-dimensional ferroelectric nanomaterials, and these synthetic developments have both transformed our understanding of the fundamental physics of nanoscale ferroelectricity and spawned tantalizing new applications in solar energy conversion,[4] biosensing,[5] and many other areas. In this review, we summarize these recent achievements related to the synthesis, physics, and applications of these nanomaterials. In addition, we highlight areas in which the concurrent development of powerful new characterization tools, new synthetic pathways offering improved material control, and an improved base of fundamental understanding offer new opportunities to address longstanding questions within the field.
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