Nanoscale Imaging of Synapses New Concepts and Opportunities

Synapses underlie rapid and flexible neural communication in the brain and they hold the key to understanding higher brain functions in health and disease. Because they are very small and highly dynamic, it is very difficult to study them with traditional

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U. Valentin Nägerl Antoine Triller Editors

Nanoscale Imaging of Synapses New Concepts and Opportunities

NEUROMETHODS

Series Editor Wolfgang Walz University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada

For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7657

Nanoscale Imaging of Synapses New Concepts and Opportunities

Edited by

U. Valentin Nägerl Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, CNRS/University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France

Antoine Triller Institute of Biology, Ecole Normale Supérieure/INSERM/CNRS, Paris, France

Editors U. Valentin Nägerl Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience CNRS/ University of Bordeaux Bordeaux, France

Antoine Triller Institute of Biology Ecole Normale Supérieure/INSERM/CNRS Paris, France

ISSN 0893-2336 ISSN 1940-6045 (electronic) ISBN 978-1-4614-9178-1 ISBN 978-1-4614-9179-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-9179-8 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014931399 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 Chapter 1 was created within the capacity of an US governmental employment. US copyright protection does not apply. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Humana Press is a brand of Springer Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface Synapses are perennial and fruitful subjects for neuroscience, th