Nanoscience and Engineering in Superconductivity

For emerging energy saving technologies superconducting materials with superior performance are needed. Such materials can be developed by manipulating the "elementary building blocks" through nanostructuring. For superconductivity the "elementary blocks"

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NanoScience and Technology Series Editors: P. Avouris B. Bhushan D. Bimberg K. von Klitzing H. Sakaki R. Wiesendanger The series NanoScience and Technology is focused on the fascinating nano-world, mesoscopic physics, analysis with atomic resolution, nano and quantum-effect devices, nanomechanics and atomic-scale processes. All the basic aspects and technology-oriented developments in this emerging discipline are covered by comprehensive and timely books. The series constitutes a survey of the relevant special topics, which are presented by leading experts in the f ield. These books will appeal to researchers, engineers, and advanced students.

Please view available titles in NanoScience and Technology on series homepage http://www.springer.com/series/3705/

Victor Moshchalkov Roger W¨ordenweber Wolfgang Lang (Editors)

Nanoscience and Engineering in Superconductivity With 186 Figures

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Editors Professor Dr. Victor Moshchalkov

¨ Professor Dr. Roger Wordenweber

Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Forschungszentrum J¨ulich INPAC Institute of Bio- and Nanosystems Institute for Nanoscale Physics 52425 J¨ulich, Germany E-mail: [email protected] Celestijnenlaan 200D 3001 Leuven, Belgium E-mail: [email protected]

Professor Dr. Wolfgang Lang University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria E-mail: [email protected]

Series Editors: Professor Dr. Phaedon Avouris

Professor Dr., Dres. h.c. Klaus von Klitzing

IBM Research Division Nanometer Scale Science & Technology Thomas J. Watson Research Center P.O. Box 218 Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA

Max-Planck-Institut f¨ur Festk¨orperforschung Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart, Germany

Professor Dr. Bharat Bhushan

University of Tokyo Institute of Industrial Science 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8505, Japan

Ohio State University Nanotribology Laboratory for Information Storage and MEMS/NEMS (NLIM) Suite 255, Ackerman Road 650 Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA

Professor Dr. Dieter Bimberg TU Berlin, Fakut¨at Mathematik/ Naturwissenschaften Institut f¨ur Festk¨orperphyisk Hardenbergstr. 36 10623 Berlin, Germany

Professor Hiroyuki Sakaki

Professor Dr. Roland Wiesendanger Institut f¨ur Angewandte Physik Universit¨at Hamburg Jungiusstr. 11 20355 Hamburg, Germany

NanoScience and Technology ISSN 1434-4904 ISBN 978-3-642-15136-1 e-ISBN 978-3-642-15137-8 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15137-8 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010938947 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specif ically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microf ilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from