Natural Removal of Crude and Heavy Fuel Oil on Rocky Shorelines in Arctic Climate Regimes
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Natural Removal of Crude and Heavy Fuel Oil on Rocky Shorelines in Arctic Climate Regimes Kim Gustavson & Sophia V. Hansson & Floris M. van Beest & Janne Fritt-Rasmussen & Pia Lassen & Ole Geertz-Hansen & Susse Wegeberg
Received: 12 May 2020 / Accepted: 27 August 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Facilitated by a receding sea ice extent, new and shorter routes have led to increased maritime traffic in Arctic areas with an inherent risk for oil spills along Arctic rocky shorelines. To estimate natural oil removal under Arctic Highlights •Natural removal of crude and heavy fuel oil was studied at arctic rocky shorelines. •Oiled tiles were installed in the tidal zone and studied over a 90/ 95-day period. •Oil removal efficiency ranged as low-tide > high-tide > abovetide light > above-tide dark. •The tested crude oil was removed faster than the tested heavy fuel oil. •Wave-wash was the most efficient oil removal process followed by evaporation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04850-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. K. Gustavson : F. M. van Beest : J. Fritt-Rasmussen : S. Wegeberg Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark S. V. Hansson (*) Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement UMR-5245, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Avenue de l’Agrobipole, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France e-mail: [email protected] P. Lassen Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark O. Geertz-Hansen Department of Environment and Mineral Recourses, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Box 570, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland
conditions, a crude oil and a heavy fuel oil were applied to slate tiles, mimicking rocky shore substratum, and placed at four levels within and just above the tidal zone on two rocky shorelines in West Greenland. Tiles were regularly sampled (within 95 days) to determine natural oil removal and chemical composition of the remaining oil. We found that natural oil removal on the rocky shorelines depends on (1) level position on the shoreline, i.e., within and above the tidal zone where ample exposure to water and wave-wash increases oil removal rate and efficiency, and (2) physical and chemical oil properties with the crude oil being removed more readily than the heavy fuel oil. These findings can help improve the risk assessment of oil spills in Arctic areas and facilitate the development of effective oil spill response strategies in Arctic seas. Keywords Oil spill . Arctic . Tidal zone . Natural removal . North Sea crude oil . IFO180 heavy fuel oil
1 Introduction Facilitated by the receding sea ice extent and the prolonged ice-free period, new and shorter routes for maritime traffic have opened in Arctic areas (AMAP 2010; Smith and Stephenson 2013; Sulistiyono et al. 2015). However, the often-challenging navigation conditions and the harsh Arctic climate make increased
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