Neurological Complications Associated with the Blood-Brain Barrier Damage Induced by the Inflammatory Response During SA
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Neurological Complications Associated with the Blood-Brain Barrier Damage Induced by the Inflammatory Response During SARS-CoV-2 Infection Iván Alquisiras-Burgos 1 & Irlanda Peralta-Arrieta 2 & Luis Antonio Alonso-Palomares 3 & Ana Elvira Zacapala-Gómez 4 & Eric Genaro Salmerón-Bárcenas 5 & Penélope Aguilera 1 Received: 19 August 2020 / Accepted: 16 September 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The main discussion above of the novel pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has focused substantially on the immediate risks and impact on the respiratory system; however, the effects induced to the central nervous system are currently unknown. Some authors have suggested that SARS-CoV-2 infection can dramatically affect brain function and exacerbate neurodegenerative diseases in patients, but the mechanisms have not been entirely described. In this review, we gather information from past and actual studies on coronaviruses that informed neurological dysfunction and brain damage. Then, we analyzed and described the possible mechanisms causative of brain injury after SARS-CoV-2 infection. We proposed that potential routes of SARS-CoV-2 neuro-invasion are determinant factors in the process. We considered that the hematogenous route of infection can directly affect the brain microvascular endothelium cells that integrate the blood-brain barrier and be fundamental in initiation of brain damage. Additionally, activation of the inflammatory response against the infection represents a critical step on injury induction of the brain tissue. Consequently, the virus’ ability to infect brain cells and induce the inflammatory response can promote or increase the risk to acquire central nervous system diseases. Here, we contribute to the understanding of the neurological conditions found in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and its association with the blood-brain barrier integrity. Keywords SARS-CoV-2 . COVID-19 . Blood-brain barrier . Neurological complications . Inflammatory response . Neurotropism
Coronaviruses * Penélope Aguilera [email protected] 1
Laboratorio de Patología Vascular Cerebral, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Insurgentes Sur #3877, 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico
2
Laboratorio de Epigenómica del Cáncer y Enfermedades Pulmonares, Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 54090 Tlanepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
3
Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
4
Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, 39070 Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Mexico
5
Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07360 Ciudad de México, Mexico
Coron
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