Non-catalytic Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil with High Free Fatty Acids Content Using Subcritical Methanol: Pr
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Non‑catalytic Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil with High Free Fatty Acids Content Using Subcritical Methanol: Process Optimization and Evaluation Jenni Lie1 · Maria Bangun Rizkiana1 · Felycia Edi Soetaredjo1,2 · Yi‑Hsu Ju2,3,4 · Suryadi Ismadji1,2 · Maria Yuliana1 Received: 11 February 2019 / Accepted: 16 November 2019 © Springer Nature B.V. 2019
Abstract Palm cooking oil consumption in Indonesia is very high, and as a result, the used cooking oil which mostly ends up as the waste is also high. Direct discharge of waste cooking oil (WCO) into the environment causes serious environmental pollution problems. WCO contains triglyceride and free fatty acid, which can be converted into biodiesel. In this study, the conversion of WCO into biodiesel was conducted using non-catalytic subcritical methanol process. The effect of the ratio of WCO to methanol (w/v), temperature, and pressure on the recovery of biodiesel was investigated under constant reaction time of 4 h. Based on the Response Surface Methodology (RSM); temperature, pressure, and WCO to methanol ratio (w/v) gave a significant effect on the recovery of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). From the experimental result, the maximum FAME recovery obtained was 93.29% with the purity up to 97% (200 °C, 5.5 MPa, 3:10), while the predicted recovery calculated by RSM was 91.93% with the optimum condition: 200 °C, 5.5 MPa for WCO to methanol ratio 0.3061 (w/v). The experimental verification showed satisfactory agreement between the observed and predicted values with only 1.36% of error. Therefore, subcritical methanol has good prospects to be applied further in lieu of conventional process to utilize waste oil with high free fatty acid content. Graphic Abstract
Keywords Waste cooking oil · Subcritical methanol · Process optimization and evaluation · Response surface methodology
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Abbreviations WCO Waste cooking oil FFA Free fatty acid
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FAME Fatty acid methyl ester(s) RSM Response surface methodology
Statement of Novelty With the high amount of waste in the form of used cooking oil (WCO), Indonesia needs a feasible process that can increase the value of the waste, namely by turning it into biodiesel. To date, the conventional process has difficulty in processing low-quality cooking oil without pre-treatment. In this study, a feasibility analysis was conducted on subcritical methanol (SC-MeOH) as a simple non-catalytic transesterification method to produce biodiesel from WCO. Optimization analysis was also performed to find the optimum operating conditions to be applied in the industrial scaling-up processes. Based on the results, biodiesel production using SC-MeOH can be used to replace conventional processes in processing WCO without the need for pretreatment.
Introduction The studies of biodiesel production using sundry of processes and raw materials have been conducted in recent years to find renewable sources of fuels and to reduce the dependen
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