Non-linear source term and scenario for an operational oil spill model
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Non‑linear source term and scenario for an operational oil spill model Kuo‑Hsien Chang1 · Guillaume Marcotte1 · Paul Pestieau1 · Éric Legault‑Ouellet1 · Yves Pelletier1 Received: 3 April 2020 / Accepted: 30 October 2020 © The Author(s) 2020 OPEN
Abstract This study presents time-varying oil spill discharge functions and scenarios for operational oil spill models. This study prescribes non-linear models based on experimental measurements (Tavakoli et al. in Ocean Eng 38(17–18):1894–1907, 2011) and then upscaled to the spill duration and discharge quantity for actual oil spill incidents. Scenarios consist in collision and grounding incidents for the instantaneous spill mode; light, medium, and severe incidents for the continuous spill mode; spilt, containment, and retention practices for the spill management mode. A performance analysis of deterministic simulations indicates that the non-linear source terms and scenarios present realistic and reasonable results, showing the detailed spill patterns on the surface ocean, tail-off oil sheens along the areas swept by the dispersion and significantly different results when oil spill management and mitigation practices are activated. For oil spill modelling in support of field operations, responders and decision makers should be made aware of the variability of oil sheen spatial patterns induced by the oil spill source term to better interpret simulation results and assess the impact of source uncertainty on the clean-up, mitigation, ecological and socio-economic risk. Keywords Oil spill · Non-linear · Discharge rate · Scenario · Operational · Assessment
1 Introduction Oil spill incidents are considered major disasters in the marine environment. The severity of the impact depends on a diverse set of factors, including but not limited to: quantity, release rate, the type of incident, and the approach to oil spill mitigation and response. Studies [3, 7, 48] have presented evidence that increased oil quantity and release rate have a non-linear impact of the initial environmental damage and on the time to be spent in oil spill cleanup and recovery operations. A slow, steady rate of oil exposure tends to have less severe immediate effects on the aquatic environment. The characteristics of quantity and release rate are also related to the type of incident [1, 29, 41, 56, 58], such as the discharge from vessel collision, grounding, oil pipelines, and oil platforms, causing varying amounts of damage to the marine environment and the coastal areas. Effective management practices are
normally used to control oil transport and fate in the ocean [42]. Therefore, realistic oil discharge dynamics to drive oil spill simulations play an important role to yield more reliable model results for prevention and mitigation of the impacts of oil spills on the environment and economy. Numerous oil spill models, such as GNOME [63], MEDSLICK-II [15], OILMAP [50], OILTRANS [5], OpenDrift [12], have been developed to simulate the evolution of oil slicks, weathering processes and forecast the f
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