Novel and Highly Efficient Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Cyclic Carbonates Using Benzotriazolium Ionic Liquid-Modified
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Novel and Highly Efficient Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Cyclic Carbonates Using Benzotriazolium Ionic Liquid-Modified Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica as a Heterogeneous and Recyclable Nanocatalyst Xiao BingLiu 1 & Yu Lin Hu 2 Received: 22 April 2020 / Accepted: 5 September 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract In the present study, we demonstrated the synthesis of copper oxychloride anionic benzotriazolium ionic liquid-modified periodic mesoporous organosilica PMO@ILCu2(OH)3Cl2(x) as efficient and green retrievable heterogeneous nanocatalysts for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates via cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides. Compared to other nanocatalysts, a superior catalytic activity was observed with PMO@ILCu2(OH)3Cl2(1.0), giving excellent yields and selectivities under solvent- and cocatalyst-free conditions. We also found that the existence of intensification synergistic effects from the hydroxyl groups sites of periodic mesoporous organosilica and the active sites of the functionalized ionic liquid, resulting in the enhanced catalytic activity. The catalytic process displayed ease of recovery, excellent stability and recyclability for at least five runs without significant loss of its catalytic activity. The developed catalytic system is proven to be a powerful tool for the chemical fixation of CO2 with epoxides to produce the cyclic carbonates. Keywords Immobilized ionic liquid . Periodic mesoporous organosilica . Synergistic catalysis . Cycloaddition . Cyclic carbonates
1 Introduction Chemical fixation of carbon dioxide (CO2) into value-added chemicals has attracted widespread attention recently, as CO2 is an abundant, inexpensive, nontoxic C1 source as well as being the primary greenhouse gas [1–6]. Among possible processes, the transformation of CO2 with epoxides into cyclic carbonates has 100% atom efficiency and is one of the most valuable and sustainable strategies. Cyclic carbonates have been widely used as raw materials in pharmaceuticals, fuel additives, electrolytes and fine chemicals [7–9]. Therefore, there has been a growing interest in the synthesis of cyclic carbonates, and a number of catalytic systems have been developed for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates, including metal
* Yu Lin Hu [email protected] 1
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an 343009, People’s Republic of China
2
College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, People’s Republic of China
complexes [10–12], organocatalysts [13, 14], Lignin/KI [15], B2O3/nBu4NBr [16], MOFs [17–19], NH3I-Zn/SBA-15 [20], WP-KI [21], Cu6 cluster/nBu4NBr [22], CoPc/TiO2 [23], and others [24–26]. However, most of these catalyst systems suffer from drawbacks associated with the use of expensive reagents, harsh reaction conditions, relatively rare availability and catalyst reusability problems. Therefore, the development of catalytic systems that are both efficient and environmentally benign for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates still p
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