Photocatalytic, electrocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide: a review
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REVIEW
Photocatalytic, electrocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide: a review Friday O. Ochedi1 · Dongjing Liu1 · Jianglong Yu2 · Arshad Hussain3 · Yangxian Liu1 Received: 9 October 2020 / Accepted: 26 October 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract CO2 emission is partly responsible for climate change induced by greenhouse effects. Carbon capture, utilization and storage is a major pathway to reduce C O2 emission. This article reviews conversion of C O2 into value-added products by photocatalytic, electrocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic processes, which involve a catalyst, a reducing agent, an electrolyte and a reactor. An ideal catalyst should be cheap, abundant, non-toxic, less corrosive and chemically stable. Doping various catalysts can increase product yields up to 207 times. Furthermore, monolith reactors generated 23 times and 14 times higher yields than slurry and cell reactors, respectively. Photoelectrocatalytic conversion standout because it combines the advantages of photocatalytic and electrocatalytic processes such as high product yield and selectivity, no electrical energy required, costeffectiveness, more catalysts option and no sacrificial donor. Keywords CO2 emission · CO2 conversion · Photocatalytic · Electrocatalytic · Photoelectrocatalytic Abbreviations CB Conduction band CCUS Carbon capture, utilization and storage CO2 Carbon dioxide CO2RR CO2 reduction reaction DEMS Differential electrochemical mass spectrometry FE Faradaic efficiency G Graphene GERS Graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy GO Graphene oxide HER Hydrogen evolution reaction IPCC International Panel of Climate Change KBH Potassium borohydride MOF Metal–organic framework MWCNTs Multiwalled carbon nanotubes NHE Normal hydrogen electrodes PEM Polymer electrolyte membrane * Yangxian Liu [email protected] 1
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
2
Chemical Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
3
School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
PMOF Porphyrin-based metal–organic framework rGO Reduced graphene oxide SOEC Solid oxide electrolytic cell TEOA Triethanolamine TiO2 Titanium dioxide USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency VB Valence band
Introduction The increasing global economic development and rising population is an indicator that global energy demand will keep surging (Ochedi et al. 2020a; Khan and Tahir 2019; Wang et al. 2020e; Liu et al. 2019b). Currently, the combustion of fossil fuels accounts for about 85% of the global energy supply (Pham et al. 2020; Yang et al. 2020; Shan et al. 2019) and is projected to still account for about 80% by 2040 (IEA 2019; Ding and Liu 2020; Yang et al. 2019b). However, the combustion process of fossil fuels releases a lot of gaseous pollutants, such as particulate matters (Xu et al. 2018), nitrogen oxides (Wang et al. 2020d), sulfur oxides (
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