Worldwide Occurrence, Detection, and Fate of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Water
Finding over-the-counter drugs such as NSAIDs in wastewater is somewhat expected and understandable; however, finding them on surface or groundwater is more worrisome as it demonstrates, in part, the inefficiency of the methods used today to treat wastewa
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ntents 1 Introduction 2 Fresh Water 3 Saline Waters 4 Groundwater 5 Drinking Water 6 Discussion and Final Thoughts References
Abstract Finding over-the-counter drugs such as NSAIDs in wastewater is somewhat expected and understandable; however, finding them on surface or groundwater is more worrisome as it demonstrates, in part, the inefficiency of the methods used today to treat wastewater as well as practices of inadequate use and indiscriminate disposal of these emerging contaminants. The objective of this chapter is to provide a systematic review of the worldwide occurrence of NSAIDs in three environmental reservoirs of water (saline and fresh and groundwater) and in drinking water. Our results showed that the worldwide distribution of studies on the subject is practically concentrated in Asia and Europe. Acetaminophen, diclofenac, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, naproxen, mefenamic acid, and salicylates are the NSAIDs investigated and most frequently detected in all studies.
L. I. Castro-Pastrana (*), M. L. Toledo-Wall, and M. Cerro-López Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, Cholula, México e-mail: [email protected] E. Palacios-Rosas Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, Cholula, México Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván (ed.), Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Water: Emerging Contaminants and Ecological Impact, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_542, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
L. I. Castro-Pastrana et al.
Since 2010, research on the occurrence of NSAIDs in environmental water reservoirs has been continuous and consistent. However, the analysis of river waters is much more abundant than those of seas, groundwater, or drinking water. Fortunately in recent years, research has focused on the development of more sensitive but at the same time simpler methods for the detection of NSAIDs in water bodies. Moreover, during the article screening process, we found that in recent years, publications related to toxicity studies in diverse model organisms have increased. Concentrating the information available to date on the quantities of NSAIDs found in different aquatic ecosystems, through different methods of extraction and analysis, is very useful to direct future research, to design more efficient strategies to minimize the ecological impact of these water pollutants, and to develop evidencebased regulation. Keywords Anti-inflammatory agents, Drinking water, Fresh water, Groundwater, Nonsteroidal, Saline waters, Water pollutants
1 Introduction The Earth’s surface is 70% covered with water, of which 97.5% is considered salt water and the remaining 2.5% as fresh water. Frozen water represents 69.7% of fresh water, groundwater represents 30%, and in rivers and lakes, we only find 0.3% of fresh water [1]. Among the most prescribed pharmaceutical products used by both humans and veterinary medicine are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Although it is well-known that pharmaceutical products have been present in th
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