Occurrence of pesticides in waters from the largest sugar cane plantation region in the world
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Occurrence of pesticides in waters from the largest sugar cane plantation region in the world Raphael D’Anna Acayaba 1 & Anjaina Fernandes de Albuquerque 1 & Rafael Luis Ribessi 2 & Gisela de Aragão Umbuzeiro 1 & Cassiana Carolina Montagner 1,2 Received: 20 July 2020 / Accepted: 26 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this study, a multi-residue method was used to analyze 13 pesticides and 1 degradation product in surface and groundwater in the region with the largest sugar cane production in the world. The potential effects of individual pesticides and their mixtures, for aquatic life and human consumption, were evaluated. For the surface water, 2-hydroxy atrazine, diuron, carbendazim, tebuthiuron, and hexazinone were the most frequently detected (100, 94, 93, 92, and 91%, respectively). Imidacloprid (2579 ng L−1), carbendazim (1114 ng L−1), ametryn (1101 ng L−1), and tebuthiuron (1080 ng L−1) were found at the highest concentrations. For groundwater, tebuthiuron was the only quantified pesticide (107 ng L−1). Ametryn, atrazine, diuron, hexazinone, carbofuran, imidacloprid, malathion, carbendazim, and their mixtures presented risk for the aquatic life. No risk was observed for the pesticides analyzed in this work, alone or in their mixtures for human consumption. Keywords Surface water . Groundwater . Risk assessment . Mixture toxicity . PCA . Human consumption
Introduction The growing demand for clean energy to replace nonrenewable sources has caused a great expansion of the production and consumption of biofuels in the world (Diouf 2008). In Brazil, government programs to encourage the production and processing of sugar cane, popularization of the socalled flex-fuel engines and international investments in the sector, made the country the second largest producer of biofuels and the largest producer of sugar cane in the world (Lourenzani and Caldas 2014; Gilio and de Moraes 2016; OECD/FAO 2019; FAO 2020).
Responsible Editor: Ester Heath Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-02011428-1. * Cassiana Carolina Montagner [email protected] 1
School of Technology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
2
Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
Brazil is considered one of the biggest pesticide markets in the world and currently 332 active ingredients are authorized for agricultural use (Albuquerque et al. 2016). São Paulo state accounts for more than half of the sugar cane production of Brazil and in 2018 was responsible for 15% of the total amount of pesticides commercialized in the country (MAPA 2019; IBAMA 2020). After application, different mechanisms of transport and degradation describe the fate of pesticides in the environment and their respective risk for the non-target organisms. It is expected to find pesticides contamination in different environmental matrices, such as air (Meire et al. 2016
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