Occurrence and risk evaluation of organophosphorus pesticides in typical water bodies of Beijing, China
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Occurrence and risk evaluation of organophosphorus pesticides in typical water bodies of Beijing, China Yaru Zhang 1,2 & Pan Qin 2 & Shaoyong Lu 2 & Xianbin Liu 1 & Jun Zhai 3 & Jiamin Xu 2 & Yongqiang Wang 2 & Guodong Zhang 2 & Xiaohui Liu 2,4 & Zhengfen Wan 2 Received: 15 June 2020 / Accepted: 27 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020Abstract
Human activities, particularly in large cities, can lead to pollution caused by micropollutants such as pesticides in water bodies, which have been recognized as serious threats to the environment and human health. The pollution level of six organophosphorus pesticides, three herbicides, and one bactericide in groundwater and the Wenyu River, and their fates in three sewage treatment plants (STPs) and a hospital were investigated in this study. The concentrations of the ten detected pesticides ranged from not detected (ND) to 323.44 ng L−1 in different water samples from Beijing; metalaxyl was detected to have the highest concentration (89.58 ng L−1), and the detection frequencies of atrazine and metalaxyl were 100%. The maximum concentrations of pesticides in the Wenyu River, STPs, and the hospital were 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than those in the groundwater. Good removal efficiencies by the treatment processes were observed for ametryn (100%), while the removal efficiencies for atrazine and omethoate were the lowest in the three STPs (− 9.6% and 12.67%, respectively). Finally, risk quotient (RQ) values of each contaminant were estimated from the maximum values determined for typical urban to assess the ecology and health effects. In the case of environmental toxicity, the highest RQ values (> 1) were obtained for dichlorvos and omethoate. In the case of health toxicity, the RQ values show that the pesticides found in groundwater pose no potential health risks to humans at current concentrations. Keywords Organophosphorus pesticides . Occurrence . Surface water . Groundwater . STPs . Risk evaluation
Introduction Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are one of the earliest synthetic pesticides produced by humans and are still widely used as efficient insecticides and plant growth regulators in agricultural production at home and abroad (Tsygankov 2019). OPs
have the advantages of high efficacy, low cost, low residual toxicity, and easy degradation. Compared with organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticides, insect resistance to OPs has gradually increased. In 1991, 1994, and 1996, the sales of OPs reached 3.317 × 109, 3.017 × 109, and 3.31 × 109 US dollars, accounting for 39%, 38%, and 37% of the total sales of pesticides,
Responsible editor: Ester Heath Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10288-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Shaoyong Lu [email protected]; [email protected]
2
State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Labor
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