Sources, Occurrence, and Environmental Risk Assessment of Antibiotics and Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria in Aquatic En
Antimicrobial compounds are widely used in human and veterinary medicine to protect human and animal health, to prevent economic losses, and to help to ensure a safe food supply. After administration, the antibiotics and their transformant products (TPs)
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Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 The Sources of Antibiotics, ARB, and ARGs Contamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 WWTPs as Sources of Contamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Other Sources of Contamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 The Concentration of Antibiotics in Polish Surface Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 The Concentration of ARB and ARGs in Polish Surface Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Abstract Antimicrobial compounds are widely used in human and veterinary medicine to protect human and animal health, to prevent economic losses, and to help to ensure a safe food supply. After administration, the antibiotics and their transformant products (TPs) may pass through the sewage system and end up in the environment, mainly in the water bodies. Apart from antibiotics and their TPs, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which have been identified as emerging pollutants of concern, enter ecosystems with treated wastewater and livestock manure. In the environment altered by human activity, the occurrence of bacteria resistant to almost all known antibiotics has been confirmed. Despite being universally considered relatively important, land runoff, drainage and seepage are not the sites with the most striking occurrence of the transfer of resistance genes among different species of bacteria. The most significant hot-spots are wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Together with treated wastewater which is released from WWTPs, antibiotics, their TPs, ARB, and ARGs can penetrate the surface water, rural groundwater supplies, drinking water, soil, and plants growing in soil irrigated with contaminated water. It creates a direct risk to human and animal health because drugs, ARGs, and ARB transported E. Korzeniewska (*) · M. Harnisz Department of Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 E. Korzeniewska, M. Harnisz (eds.), Polish River Basins and Lakes – Part II, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 87, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12139-6_9
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