Ocean Ambient Noise Measurement and Theory

This book develops the theory of ocean ambient noise mechanisms and measurements, and also describes general noise characteristics and computational methods.  It concisely summarizes the vast ambient noise literature using theory combined with key re

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UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS Sponsored by Office of Naval Research Editorial Board: Jeffrey A. Simmen, Ph.D., Chair Homer P. Bucker, Ph.D. Ira Dyer, Ph.D. Finn B. Jenson, Ph.D. Ellen S. Livingston, Ph.D.

For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5535

Monograph Series in

UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS In 2001 the Office of Naval Research began a program to publish a selected monograph series in the field of underwater acoustics. The series publishes in-depth reviews and analysis on the state of understanding of the physics of sound in selected areas of research. The monograph series covers the most important topics in underwater sound in an in-depth, critical, scholarly, and comprehensive fashion. It is intended to provide researchers with an understanding of the physics of underwater sound, based on both theory and experiment. The discussion of important unanswered questions is encouraged. Topics of particular importance in the field are low-frequency sound in the deep ocean, shallow-water acoustics, and ambient noise.

Sponsored by: Office of Naval Research One Liberty Center 875 North Randolph Street, Suite 1425 Arlington, VA 22203-1995 E-mail: [email protected] Series Editors: Jeffrey A. Simmen, Ph.D. Applied Physics Laboratory University of Washington 1013 NE 40th Street Seattle, WA 98105-6698 E-mail: [email protected]

Homer P. Bucker, Ph.D. Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, retired 808 Moana Drive San Diego, CA 92106 E-mail: [email protected]

Ira Dyer, Ph.D. Weber Shaughness Professor of Ocean Engineering, Emeritus Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139

Finn B. Jensen, Ph.D. Emeritus Scientist NATO Undersea Research Centre 19126 La Spezia, Italy E-mail: [email protected]

Ellen S. Livingston, Ph.D. Associate Director Ocean and Undersea Science U.S. Office of Naval Research Global 86 Blenheim Crescent West Ruislip, Middlesex HA4 7HB United Kingdom E-mail: [email protected]

William M. Carey Richard B. Evans

Ocean Ambient Noise Measurement and Theory

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William M. Carey Department of Mechanical Engineering Boston University Old Lyme, CT 05371, USA [email protected]

Richard B. Evans North Stonington CT 06359-1038, USA

ISBN 978-1-4419-7831-8 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-7832-5 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7832-5 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London © William M. Carey and Richard B. Evans 2011 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not th