Under-ice ambient noise in the Arctic Ocean: observations at the long-term ice station
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Under-ice ambient noise in the Arctic Ocean: observations at the long-term ice station Xiao Han1, 2, 3, Jingwei Yin1, 2, 3*, Yanming Yang4, Hongtao Wen4, Longxiang Guo1, 2, 3 1 Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China 2 Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of
Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China 3 College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China 4 Laboratory of Ocean Acoustic and Remote Sensing, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources,
Xiamen 361005, China Received 14 December 2019; accepted 24 March 2020 © Chinese Society for Oceanography and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract
Under-ice ambient noise in the Arctic Ocean is studied using the data recorded by autonomous hydrophones at the long-term ice station during the 9th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition. Time-frequency analysis of two 7-s-long ice-induced noise samples shows that both ice collision and ice breaking noise have many outliers in the time-domain (impulsive characteristic) and abundant frequency components in the frequency-domain. Ice collision noise lasts for several seconds while the duration of ice breaking noise is much shorter (i.e., less than tens of milliseconds). Gaussian distribution and symmetric alpha stable (sαs) distribution are used in this paper to fit the impulsive under-ice noise. The sαs distribution can achieve better performance as it can track the heavy tails of impulsive noise while Gaussian distribution fails. This paper also analyzes the meteorological variables during the under-ice noise observation experiment and deduces that the impulsive ambient noise was caused by the combined force of high wind speed and increasing atmosphere temperature on the ice canopy. The Pearson correlation coefficients between long-term power spectral density variations of under-ice ambient noise and meteorological variables are also studied in this paper. Key words: long-term ice station, under-ice ambient noise, time-frequency analysis, power spectral density variations, meteorological variables Citation: Han Xiao, Yin Jingwei, Yang Yanming, Wen Hongtao, Guo Longxiang. 2020. Under-ice ambient noise in the Arctic Ocean: observations at the long-term ice station. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 39(9): 125–132, doi: 10.1007/s13131-020-1652-7
1 Introduction Ocean ambient noise is one of the most important research topics in underwater acoustic as it can greatly affect the performance of underwater sonars (i.e., communication and detection). Therefore, a large amount of literature has been reported on ocean ambient noise in order to understand its temporal, spatial and frequency characteristics (Audoly et al., 2017; Brooker and Humphrey, 2016; Bittencourt et al., 2017; Da et al., 2014; Lin et al., 2005; Yang et al., 2018). In most oceans on the earth, ambient noise is mainly caused by thermal movemen
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