Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Hyperlipidaemias
Hyperlipidaemia is a multifaceted risk factor for cardiovascular disease, involving multiple aetiologies such as diet, lifestyle, and/or metabolic effects within the body. Dietary long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFA) have been shown to
- PDF / 350,966 Bytes
- 12 Pages / 595.276 x 790.866 pts Page_size
- 31 Downloads / 199 Views
Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Hyperlipidaemias J.J.A. Ferguson, C.B. Dias, and M.L. Garg
Abbreviations
AA ALA apoB apoC-III apoE CETP DHA DPA EPA FFA FXR HDL HNF-4α HSL LA IDL LDL LpL LXRα NEFA n-3PUFA n-6PUFA PPAR RCT RXRα SREBP TG VLDL
Arachidonic acid α-linolenic acid Apolipoprotein B Apolipoprotein C-III Apolipoprotein E Cholesterol ester transfer protein Docosahexaenoic acid Docosapentaenoic acid Eicosapentaenoic acid Free fatty acids Farnesol X receptor High-density lipoprotein Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α Hormone-sensitive lipase Linoleic acid Intermediate-density lipoproteins Low-density lipoprotein Lipoprotein lipase Liver X receptor-alpha Non-esterified free fatty acids Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors Randomized control trials Retinoid X receptor-alpha Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins Triglycerides Very low-density lipoprotein
J.J.A. Ferguson C.B. Dias M.L. Garg (&) Nutraceuticals Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, 305C Medical Science Building, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia e-mail: [email protected] J.J.A. Ferguson e-mail: [email protected] C.B. Dias e-mail: [email protected]
Hyperlipidaemia Hyperlipidaemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It is a multifaceted condition involving multiple aetiologies and is often a consequence of lifestyle and dietary patterns and/or metabolic effects in the body [1]. Hyperlipidaemia is characterized by a vast array of
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 M.V. Hegde et al. (eds.), Omega-3 Fatty Acids, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-40458-5_6
67
68
abnormalities in blood lipid concentrations such as increased flux of free fatty acids (FFA), elevated triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and apolipoprotein B (apoB) levels, and decreased concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol [1]. The primary lipid abnormality is elevated circulating concentrations of non-esterified free fatty acids (NEFA) originating from adipose tissue. This is caused by insufficient FFA metabolism and esterification, as well as down-regulation of signalling pathways. As a result, retention time of fatty acids by adipose tissue is decreased, leading to increased flux of FFA returning to the liver. Additionally, this stimulates TG synthesis in the liver as well as the synthesis of apoB and the assembly and secretion of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). In turn, this process raises plasma TG, which promotes the formation of TG-rich HDL particles that are highly catabolic, therefore causing a reduction in HDL cholesterol in the presence of raised FFA [1]. Raised plasma TG could also represent a reduced clearance rate of TG, which is commonly demonstrated in individuals who are obese, insulin resistant, and/or possess genetic lipid abnormalities [2]. Hyperlipidaemia also involves raised LDL, which undergo lipolysis and therefore fail to efficiently b
Data Loading...
