Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertriglyceridemia mechanisms in cardiovascular diseas
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Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertriglyceridemia mechanisms in cardiovascular disease Tewodros Shibabaw1 Received: 9 September 2020 / Accepted: 23 October 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the world’s most recognized and notorious cause of death. It is known that increased triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) and remnants of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (RLP) are the major risk factor for CVD. Furthermore, hypertriglyceridemia commonly leads to a reduction in HDL and an increase in atherogenic small dense lowdensity lipoprotein (sdLDL or LDL-III) levels. Thus, the evidence shows that Ω-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have a beneficial effect on CVD through reprogramming of TRL metabolism, reducing inflammatory mediators (cytokines and leukotrienes), and modulation of cell adhesion molecules. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide the molecular mechanism related to the beneficial effect of Ω-3 PUFA on the lowering of plasma TAG levels and other atherogenic lipoproteins. Taking this into account, this study also provides the TRL lowering and antiinflammatory mechanism of Ω-3 PUFA metabolites such as RvE1 and RvD2 as a cardioprotective function. Keywords Omega-3 PUFA · Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein · Hypertriglyceridemia · Anti-inflammatory · CVD
Introduction Omega-3 fatty acids, also known as Ω-3 fatty acids, are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of plant and animal or marine-origin. They are biologically essential macromolecule that involves in many metabolic processes and cannot be synthesized by mammals [1–3]. The term “Ω-3” fatty acids is distinguished by the presence of a double bond in their chemical structure at threecarbon atom away from the terminal (the omega) methyl group [4–6] (Fig. 1). Omega-3 fatty acids consist of longchain and short-chain fatty acids. Plants synthesize shortchain Ω-3 fatty acids such as alpha-linolenic acids (ALA; 18:3 n-3) and linoleic acid (18:2n-6) that are found in many seeds, nuts, and seed oils [7, 8]. Neither linoleic nor α-linolenic acid can be synthesized in animals. Long-chain fatty acids such as DHA;22:6 n-3 and EPA; 20:5 n-3 are mainly found in fatty fish like mackerel, halibut, herring, salmon, tuna [1, 2, 9–13], and they may be collectively * Tewodros Shibabaw [email protected] 1
Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
referred to as marine n−3 fatty acid[14]. Thus, omega-3 FAs are essential fatty acids that cannot be synthesized de novo pathway by mammalian cell because they lack the necessary enzymes to place a double bond in the Ω-3 and Ω-6 position [3, 5, 11]. PUFA has emerged as a subject of scientific research and public interest over the past 30 years. In the 1970s, epidemiological studies of Greenland Eskimos connected their diet rich in Ω-3 PUFA of fish and fish oil to a low in
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