On-line ultrasound-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction using graphitic carbon nitride microparticles combin
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On‑line ultrasound‑assisted dispersive micro‑solid phase extraction using graphitic carbon nitride microparticles combined with ICP‑OES for the preconcentration and determination of thorium Ehsan Zolfonoun1 · Seyed Reza Yousefi1 Received: 6 April 2020 © Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2020
Abstract In this study, on-line ultrasound-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction technique is introduced for the separation and ICP-OES determination of thorium in aqueous samples. In this method, microparticles of g-C3N4 were dispersed into the sample using ultrasonic radiation and Th(IV) ions were directly adsorbed by the sorbent. The sample solution was then passed through a membrane filter and the adsorbed Th(IV) ions were subsequently eluted directly into the ICP-OES nebulizer. The Limit of detection of developed method was 0.05 μg L−1. The developed on-line technique eliminates the centrifugation step in order to simplify and speed up the extraction procedure. Keywords On-line preconcentration · Ultrasound assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction · Graphitic carbon nitride · Thorium · ICP-OES
Introduction Reliable determination of trace metals as a contaminant is a subject of great interest to researchers. Thorium is a slightly radioactive element that is often used in nuclear industry [1, 2]. This element is also used in various industries, such as aeronautics, metallurgy, chemical industry and optics [3]. Industrial wastewaters can increase the amount of thorium in the environment. Contaminated soil and water can expose humans to this metal. Long-term exposure to thorium may increase the chance of genetic mutations and cancer [4, 5]. Therefore, determination of thorium at trace and ultra-trace levels in environmental and biological samples is of great importance. Because of the low concentration and the matrix effects, the direct determination of thorium in real samples is difficult, and a sample preparation step (separation and preconcentration) is often necessary [6]. Several methods such as liquid–liquid extraction [7], flotation [8] solid-phase extraction [6] and cloud point extraction [9] have been employed for the extraction and * Ehsan Zolfonoun [email protected] 1
Materials and Nuclear Fuel Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
separation of thorium from real samples prior to its determination with spectrometric techniques. Among the different preconcentration methods, solid phase extraction (SPE) is the most widely used technique due to its unique features such as low cost, high recoveries and low consumption of organic solvents [6, 10]. Dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (D-µSPE) is a new version of solid phase extraction which possess the advantages of both dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and solid phase extraction [11]. In this method, a small amount of solid sorbent (µg or mg range) is dispersed into the aqueous sample containing the target analytes [12]. Recently, D-µSPE has received much attention in analytical chem
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