Identification of the nitroaromatic explosives in post-blast samples by online solid phase extraction using molecularly
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RESEARCH PAPER
Identification of the nitroaromatic explosives in post-blast samples by online solid phase extraction using molecularly imprinted silica sorbent coupled with reversed-phase chromatography Sonia Lordel-Madeleine & Véronique Eudes & Valérie Pichon
Received: 14 January 2013 / Revised: 13 March 2013 / Accepted: 15 March 2013 / Published online: 9 April 2013 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
Abstract In a previous work, a molecularly imprinted silica (MIS) sorbent was synthesized for the selective extraction of nitroaromatic explosives from real samples. This MIS packed in a cartridge was used for an off-line solid phase extraction procedure mainly based on hydrophobic and π–π interactions. In this work, the MIS was packed in a precolumn to be connected online with a reversed-phase LC system and a diode array detector. For this, the chromatographic conditions were first studied to obtain the separation of 1,3dinitrobenzene, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, 2,6dinitrotoluene, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, and tetryl. An optimized procedure dedicated to the selective treatment of aqueous samples was then developed with the MIS for the simultaneous extraction of the nitroaromatic compounds commonly used as explosives. Finally, the four nitrotoluenes were selectively extracted and determined simultaneously with extraction recoveries higher than 90 % using the online device composed of the MIS coupled with a diphenyl chromatographic column. The potential of this sorbent was highlighted by its use for the cleanup of simulated post-blast samples. Keywords Nitroaromatic explosives . Molecularly imprinted silica . Online solid phase extraction . Selective extraction procedure . Post-blast samples S. Lordel-Madeleine : V. Pichon (*) Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM, UMR CNRS-UPMC-ESPCI ParisTech 7195 PECSA), ESPCI ParisTech, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris, France e-mail: [email protected] S. Lordel-Madeleine : V. Eudes Laboratoire Central de la Préfecture de Police, 39 bis rue de Dantzig, 75015 Paris, France
Introduction Nitroaromatic explosives such as those presented in Fig. 1 are dangerous not only because of their explosive properties but also because they are toxic and nature-polluting substances. Therefore, these compounds have already been searched for in various samples such as river waters, underground waters, soil extracts, and post-blast samples. Moreover, nitroaromatic explosives have been intensively used since the First World War because of their low cost and their simplicity of syntheses in comparison with other organic explosives. Consequently, many analytical methods were developed for their determination using techniques such as gas chromatography [1–5], capillary electrophoresis [6–8], and liquid chromatography [9–15]. However, determining the low concentration of these explosives in most samples requires a preconcentration step. With this aim, sample pretreatment methods were developed for these compounds, such as salting-out solvent ex
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