On the stress-induced photon emission from organism: II, how will the stress-transfer kinetics affect the photo-genesis?
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On the stress‑induced photon emission from organism: II, how will the stress‑transfer kinetics affect the photo‑genesis? Daqing Piao1 Received: 2 February 2020 / Accepted: 17 August 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Much remains to be identified for the temporal course of stress-induced photon emission (PE) following stress of various types including but not limited to light. Induced PE often decays hyperbolically; yet, it is not uncommon for induced PE to manifest decay patterns that are various combinations of first-order responses. Induced PE also presented transient patterns characteristic of second-order responses. A soliton-based photon-storage model addressed the hyperbolic decay pattern of induced PE; however, there are questions regarding non-hyperbolic decay as well as the large range of delayand-decay scales of induced PE. This work offers an alternative interpretation of the temporal course of induced PE when stressed upon an organism. It is proposed that the surface photon emission of induced PE due to a stress involves two causally sequential phases: a stress-transfer phase that transforms the stress to photo-genesis, and a photon-propagation phase that transmits the photons from the site of photo-genesis to surface emission. Part I has argued that a retarded or slow stress-transfer phase is necessary to explain induced PE occurring/lasting at a timescale several orders of magnitude later/longer than the photon propagation delay due to tissue scattering after stress-removal. Part II models the kinetics of the stress-transfer phase that sources the photo-genesis with a linear-system approach. The analysis illustrates how a single stress-transfer pathway may manifest various photo-genesis patterns in responding to the same stressinput, and why a single kinetic pattern of photo-genesis may arise from multiple paths of stress transfer. The theoretical insights may help devise stress-control strategies to enhance the yield of induced PE for more mechanistic discoveries and potentiating broader applications. Keywords Ultraweak biophoton emission · Stress-induced photon emission · Decay kinetics · Stress transfer · Photogenesis
1 Introduction Living organisms emit very weak light that differs from the bioluminescence produced by luciferin–luciferase systems [1]. This ultraweak photon emission (UPE) is sourced by the transition of excited biological molecules, mostly reactive oxygen species (ROS) to lower-energy states. ROS are generated in cell at a fixed rate by oxidation reduction reactions during normal cellular respiration, but are toxic to living cells due to impairing membrane functioning,
reducing enzyme activity, and damaging DNA [1]. When in homeostasis, the organism employs a variety of mechanisms to scavenge the ROS to maintain the concentration of ROS at very low levels. As a result, the luminescence intensity of the baseline spontaneous UPE of a living healthy organism is extremely low. However, when living organisms become stressed, the concentration of ROS increases and
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