Operational and Environmental Consequences of Large Industrial Cooling Water Systems
Industrial and economic development of mankind has always depended on the availability of water. Industries resort to large-scale abstraction of cooling water from natural water bodies such as rivers, lakes and coastal seas. The abstracted water is treate
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Sanjeevi Rajagopal Henk A. Jenner Vayalam P. Venugopalan ●
Editors
Operational and Environmental Consequences of Large Industrial Cooling Water Systems
Editors Sanjeevi Rajagopal Department of Animal Ecology and Ecophysiology Institute for Water and Wetland Research Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen, The Netherlands [email protected]
Henk A. Jenner Aquator BV Wageningen, The Netherlands [email protected]
Vayalam P. Venugopalan Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section Water and Steam Chemistry Division BARC Facilities Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, India [email protected]
ISBN 978-1-4614-1697-5 e-ISBN 978-1-4614-1698-2 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-1698-2 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2011943882 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
Setting the scene and the need for integrated science for the operational and environmental consequences of large industrial cooling water systems
Industries worldwide have long used and often even abused water: it is a necessary resource but, by their activities, they have affected the quality of that water and the health of organisms inhabiting it. In particular, its major use has been as cooling water required in large amounts by power generation, steel and iron, paper and pulp and oil industries. These industries abstract water from natural water bodies in very large amounts, often up to 75 cumecs (m3/s)—the flow rate of a moderately large river! The abstracted water often has to be treated with chemicals to combat operational problems such as biofouling and corrosion. Moreover, the withdrawal and subsequent discharge of large amounts of water may produce significant impacts on the receiving water body. Organisms, such as plankton, mobile invertebrates and finfish which may be of commercial importance, living in the discharge zone (the receiving waters) or taken in (impinged and entrained) with the cooling water are continuously subjected to a combination of mechanical, thermal and chemical stressors. There are many ways in which, foremost, human industries affect the natural aquatic systems and, second, by which the natural systems affect human industries. We can call the first of these “operational
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