Optically Based Hand-Held Sensor for Visualization and Quantification of Cryptosporidium Parvum
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Optically Based Hand‑Held Sensor for Visualization and Quantification of Cryptosporidium Parvum Andrew Thompson1 · Basil Hable1 · Kyana Young2 · Thomas Hansen1,3 · J. R. Strickler1,4 · Marcia R. Silva1 Received: 21 April 2020 / Revised: 3 August 2020 / Accepted: 14 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The ingestion of the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium, resulting in the associated disease cryptosporidiosis, can cause major problems if introduced into a water supply for both animals and humans. This research focuses on the creation of a sensor to track and quantify the parasite with a digital camera system using Digital Inline Holographic Microscopy (DIHM) and software reconstruction. Since Cryptosporidium oocysts are not single celled and can be around 4–8 µm in diameter, they are easily detected with the DIHM at various depths within a 3.5 mL cuvette. As the sensor is improved by modifications, it could pick up behavior of movement and sizes of particles measured to positively identify the particle(s) being tracked as Cryptosporidium as others have achieved on Escherichia coli and other microorganisms. A significant advantage of this technique is the resulting sensor costs significantly less than traditional microscopes used in laboratory tests for detecting Cryptosporidium, or other methods like USEPA Method 1623 and can provide results within minutes. The sensor is a stellar alternative to current methods in detecting and quantifying Cryptosporidium. Keywords Cryptosporidium · Sensor · DIHM · Water
* Marcia R. Silva [email protected] 1
Water Technology Accelerator (WaTA), University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
2
Department of Engineering, Wake Forest University, Winston‑Salem, NC, USA
3
School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
4
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Sensing and Imaging
(2020) 21:46
1 Introduction Cryptosporidium is a genus of parasites [26], first described by Tyzzer in 1907 [38], that negatively affects the health of humans [13] and animals [28, 30] who ingest the parasite through the fecal–oral route [18]. Cryptosporidium causes cryptosporidiosis which is a severe gastrointestinal illness [15] which can be fatal to newborns [14], the elderly [25], and the immunocompromised [1], like those with human immunodeficiency virus / acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) [29]. In fact, the first human case was reported in 1976 in an immunocompetent child [27]. Detection and prevention of Cryptosporidium breakthrough in water systems is important to prevent associated illnesses. Inadequate drinking water treatment techniques have caused many cases of infection, diarrheal disease, and sometimes death from the parasite in the United States [6, 10] and around the world [1, 11, 31, 35]. The largest outbreak in history occurring in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin of the United Sta
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