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MRS Advances © 2020 Materials Research Society DOI: 10.1557/adv.2020.225

’–‹‹•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽŽ› ”‹‡†Ž› ‘—†”› ‘”‰ƒ‹…‹†‡”‘”‡ƒ‹‰ ”‘…‡••ˆ‘”–Š‡‡’Žƒ…‡‡–‘ˆƒ”‰ƒ‹…‹†‡” Farai Chrispen Banganayi 1, Didier Kasongo Nyembwe2 and Hartmut Polzin3

1

Metal Casting Technology Station, University of Johannesburg, 37 Nind street Doornfontein Johannesburg, South Africa (e-mail: fcbanganayi@ uj.ac.za) 2

Department of Metallurgy, University of Johannesburg, 37 Nind street Doornfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa (e-mail: [email protected])

3

Metal Casting Technology Station, University of Johannesburg, 37 Nind street Doornfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa (e-mail: [email protected])

 Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‡‡†–‘‹–”‘†—…‡‘†‡”•ƒ†„‹†‡”•›•–‡•‹–Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹…ƒˆ‘—†”› ‹†—•–”› ƒ• ƒ ‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ‹’”‘˜‹‰ ‹–• …‘’‡–‹˜‡‡•• –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ”‡†—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ •…”ƒ’ …ƒ•–‹‰•ƒ†…‘’Ž‹ƒ…‡–‘‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡ †—•–”‹ƒŽ‘Ž‹…› …–‹‘Žƒሺ ሻǤŠ‡ˆ‘—†”›‹†—•–”›™‹ŽŽ’Žƒ›ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†•–‘–Š‡ ‡…‘‘‹…‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡’”‹‘”‹–›ƒ†˜‘…ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Žƒሺሻ‘ˆ ‘—–Šˆ”‹…ƒǤ –Š‹••–—†›ǡƒ‡™‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘™ƒ–‡”‰Žƒ•• „‹†‡”‹•‹–”‘†—…‡†‹ƒŽ‘…ƒŽ ˆ‘—†”›ˆ‘”’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ…‘”‡•ˆ‘”‡š’‘”–’Ž—„‹‰…ƒ•–‹‰’”‘†—…–‹‘ǤŠ‡‡™™ƒ–‡” ‰Žƒ•• ‹–”‘†—…‡†‹• —‹“—‡ ‹ –Šƒ–‹– …‘–ƒ‹•ƒ ‹‘”‰ƒ‹…„”‡ƒ†‘™ƒ‰‡–Ǥ Š‡…‘”‡ ƒ‹‰‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•‹…Ž—†‹‰„‹†‡”…‘–‡–ǡ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†…›…Ž‡–‹‡ƒ”‡ ‘’–‹‹•‡† –Š”‘—‰Š …‘”‡ ƒ‹‰ –”‹ƒŽ• ™‹–Š‘—– ƒ› ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ –Š‡ …‘”‡ƒ‹‰ ƒ…Š‹‡•Ǥ ”‘†—…–‹‘ †ƒ–ƒ ™ƒ• ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡† —•‹‰ ƒ ‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ‹…”‘•‘ˆ– ‡š…‡Ž •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ’”‘˜‹†‡† ƒ •‡– ‘ˆ ‘’–‹— ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• –‘ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡ ͺͲǦͳͲͲΨ ‰‘‘† “—ƒŽ‹–› •ƒ† …‘”‡• ˆ‘” …ƒ•–‹‰ ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š ƒ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽŽ› ˆ”‹‡†Ž› „‹†‡”Ǥ  Š‡ ‘•– ˆƒ˜‘—”ƒ„Ž‡ „‹†‡” …‘–‡– ‹• ƒ„‘˜‡ ʹǤ͸ͲΨǤŠ‡ ‘•– ˆƒ˜‘—”ƒ„Ž‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ”ƒ‰‡ ‹• ͳ͸ͲǦͳ͹Ͷ ͲǤ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†”‡Žƒ–‡†‡‡”‰›…‘•–•…ƒ„‡”‡†—…‡†ǤŠ‡•Š‘”–ˆƒŽŽ‹•”‡†—…–‹‘‹…›…Ž‡ –‹‡Ǥ

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ͳ   Š‡ †—•–”‹ƒŽ ‘Ž‹…› …–‹‘ Žƒ ሺ ሻ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡’ƒ”–‡– ‘ˆ ”ƒ†‡ƒ† †—•–”› ሺ ሻ ‹• –Š‡ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹…ƒ „Ž—‡’”‹– ˆ‘” ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ Š‡ ’Žƒ  ’”‘‘–‡• Žƒ„‘—”Ǧ‹–‡•‹˜‡ ‹†—•–”ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– „”‘ƒ†‡• ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ”ƒ‹•‡• …‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡•• ǤŠ‹• ’‘Ž‹…› ‹• ƒŽ‹‰‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’ŽƒŽƒ—…Š‡†‹ʹͲͳʹ™‹–Š–Š‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡‰‘ƒŽ–‘‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡’‘˜‡”–›ƒ† ”‡†—…‡ ‡’Ž‘›‡– „› ʹͲ͵Ͳ ሾͳሿǤ ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡•‡ ’Žƒ•ǡ ‡ˆˆ‘”–• ƒ”‡ –‘ „‡ †‡’Ž‘›‡†–‘•—’’‘”–•ƒŽŽƒ†‡†‹—‡–‡”’”‹•‡•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘…”‡ƒ–‡ Œ‘„•

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