Otoliths-composed gelatin/sodium alginate scaffolds for bone regeneration
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Otoliths-composed gelatin/sodium alginate scaffolds for bone regeneration Daisy Pereira Valido 1,2 & Wilson Déda Gonçalves Júnior 1,2 & Maria Eliane de Andrade 1,2 & Allan Andrade Rezende 1,2 & Felipe Mendes de Andrade de Carvalho 1,2 & Renata de Lima 3 & Gabriela das Graças Gomes Trindade 4 & Caio de Alcântara Campos 4 & Ana Maria Santos Oliveira 4 & Eloísa Portugal Barros Silva Soares de Souza 4 & Luiza Abrahão Frank 5 & Silvia Stanisçuaski Guterres 5 & Eliana Midori Sussuchi 4 & Charlene Regina Santos Matos 4 & André Polloni 1,2 & Adriano Antunes de Souza Araújo 4 & Francine Ferreira Padilha 1,2 & Patrícia Severino 1,2,6,7 & Eliana Barbosa Souto 8,9 & Ricardo Luiz Cavalcanti de Albuquerque Júnior 1,2
# Controlled Release Society 2020
Abstract Evidence that otoliths, mineral-rich limestone concrescences present in the inner ear of bone fishes, can accelerate bone formation in vivo has been previously reported. The goal of this work was the development, characterization, and evaluation of the cytocompatibility of otoliths-incorporated sodium alginate and gelatin scaffolds. Cynoscion acoupa–derived otoliths were characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (FRX), particle size, free lime, and weight loss by calcination. Furthermore, otoliths were incorporated into sodium alginate (ALG/OTL-s) or gelatin (GEL/OTL-s) scaffolds, previously developed by freeze-drying. Then, the scaffolds were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform (FTIR), swelling tests, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cytotoxicity assays were run against J774.G8 macrophages and MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. Data obtained from TGA/DTG, DSC, and FTIR analyses confirmed the interaction between otoliths and the polymeric scaffolds. SEM showed the homogeneous porous 3D structure rich in otolith micro-fragments in both scaffolds. Swelling of the GEL/OTL-s (63.54 ± 3.0%) was greater than of ALG/ OTL-s (13.36 ± 9.9%) (p < 0.001). The viability of J774.G8 macrophages treated with both scaffolds was statistically similar to the group treated with DMEM only (p > 0.05) and significantly higher than that treated with Triton-X (p < 0.01) at 72 h. Both scaffolds showed approximately 100% growth of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts by 24 h, similarly to control (p > 0.05). However, by 48 h, only ALG/OTL-s showed growth similar to control (p > 0.05), whereas GEL/OTL showed a significantly lower growth index (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the physicochemical profiles suggest proper interaction between the otoliths and the two developed polymeric 3D scaffolds. Moreover, both materials showed cytocompatibility with J774.G8 macrophages but the growth of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts was higher when exposed to ALG/OTL-s. These data suggest that sodium alginate/otoliths scaffolds are potential biomaterials to be used in bone regeneration applications. Keywords Otoliths . Bone regeneration . Tissue scaffolds . Tissue engineering
Introduction Biodegradable osteoconductive polymeric scaffolds hav
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