Overview of Multifaceted Role and Significance of Heat Shock Proteins During Inflammation, Apoptosis and Other Diseases
Almost all cells are frequently exposed to various stimuli in their environment which causes a wide range of stresses. Due to the elevated levels of stresses, cells often respond back by producing different types of proteins that protect the cells to rema
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stract Introduction Almost all cells are frequently exposed to various stimuli in their environment which causes a wide range of stresses. Due to the elevated levels of stresses, cells often respond back by producing different types of proteins that protect the cells to remain in a healthy condition which phenomenon is called cellular homeostasis. The important family of proteins which play cytoprotective activities under pathological conditions are Hsp which acts through the initiation of repair mechanism, protein folding, degradation of irreversible proteins and refolding of misfolded proteins. The foremost objective of this chapter is to outline the significance of Hsp during inflammatory and other disease. Methods Journals and data bases (PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar) were surveyed with the keywords “Hsp and its functions”, “Hsp and Inflammation” and “Hsp and Apoptosis”. Pertinent works were chosen for discussion. Results Hsp are known to have multifaceted functions in various instances including maintaining the homeostasis during pathogenic conditions and disease progression. In connection to this, a number of HIDs and other diseases such as cancer are well known to exhibit elevated ROS levels followed by excessive apoptosis. Hsp alters the inflammation modules through inhibition of cytokines, pro-inflammatory factors, by which playing the significant functions in the HIDs and its pathogenesis. Conclusions In this chapter, we summarized the importance and characteristics of Hsp especially in inflammation which is expected to help future treatment of HIDs and other related diseases.
B. Balasubramaniam · K. Balamurugan (*) Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 A. A. A. Asea, P. Kaur (eds.), Heat Shock Proteins, https://doi.org/10.1007/7515_2020_28
B. Balasubramaniam and K. Balamurugan
Keywords Apoptosis · Cancer · Cytoprotection · Homeostasis · Molecular chaperones · Therapeutics
Abbreviations APC ATP COX DC HID HSF Hsp IBD IL MHC I MS NF-κ NK NOD PGE2 PTM RNS ROS RU SOD TLR TNF Tregs
antigen presenting cell(s) adenosine triphosphate cyclooxygenase dendritic cells human inflammatory disease(s) heat shock factor(s) heat shock protein(s) inflammatory bowel disease interleukin(s) major histocompatibility complex class I multiple sclerosis Bnuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells natural killer cells non-obese diabetic mice Prostaglandin E2 post translational modifications reactive nitrogen species reactive oxygen species rheumatoid arthritis superoxide dismutase toll-like receptor(s) tumor necrosis factor(s) regulatory T cells
1 Introduction Hsp of eukaryotes are evolutionarily conserved macromolecules present in almost all the major cellular organelles. Indeed, Hsp are constitutively expressed in all types of living organisms starting from prokaryote to eukaryote [21]. The nomenclature of Hsp originated from the examination of their d
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