Overview of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs as Emerging Contaminants
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most used pharmaceuticals in the human and veterinary medicine, and it has been demonstrated that their widespread consumption all over the world has led to their ubiquitous occurrence in water
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s 1 Introduction 2 Occurrence of NSAIDs in Water Bodies 3 Toxic Effects of NSAIDs in Aquatic Organisms 4 Conclusions References
Abstract Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most used pharmaceuticals in the human and veterinary medicine, and it has been demonstrated that their widespread consumption all over the world has led to their ubiquitous occurrence in water environment. Nowadays, there exist strong evidence about the presence of different NSAIDs, such as diclofenac, naproxen, ketorolac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and salicylic acid, among others, which are found in concentrations in the range of ng/L to mg/L on different water bodies. Besides, the toxicological effects that NSAIDs cause in aquatic organisms have been evaluated by working groups all over the world. Thus, the aim of this review is to provide a detailed overview about the presence of NSAIDs in aquatic environmental, in particular to summarizing the main toxicological effects on living organisms and occurrence in water bodies that has been documented. Keywords Apoptosis, Bioaccumulation, Biomagnification, Genotoxicity ecotoxicological, Trophic chains
A. Mejía-García (*), H. Islas-Flores, L. M. Gómez-Oliván, N. SanJuan-Reyes, J. M. OrtegaOlvera, and M. D. Hernández-Navarro Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico e-mail: [email protected] Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván (ed.), Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Water: Emerging Contaminants and Ecological Impact, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_541, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
A. Mejía-García et al.
1 Introduction The emerging contaminants (EC), such as antibiotics, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, hormones, and artificial sweeteners, among others, are recognized as new classes of water contaminants due to their proven or potential adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems and human health. Besides, its ubiquitous detection in the aquatic environment around the world raises a great public concern [1, 2]. According to data reported in the literature [2], the emerging pollutants can be classified into various families, among which are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Antibiotics Antifungal/antimicrobial agents Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Anticonvulsants/antidepressants Artificial sweeteners β-adrenergic blocking agents Plasticizers Steroidal estrogens (EDCs; endocrine disruptor compounds) X-ray contrast medium UV filters
It has been reported that the most important anthropogenic compounds are pharmaceuticals (diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, ofloxacin, acetaminophen, progesterone, ranitidine, and testosterone), which nowadays are recognized as a threat for aquatic ecosystems, agricultural products or pesticides (atrazine, carbendazim, fipronil), narcotics and illegal drugs (amphetamines, cocaine, and benzoylecgonine), food industry derivatives (bisphenol A and caffeine), and personal care products (triclosan and other related surfactants) [3, 4]. N
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