Paenibacillus polymyxa NMA1017 as a potential biocontrol agent of Phytophthora tropicalis, causal agent of cacao black p
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Paenibacillus polymyxa NMA1017 as a potential biocontrol agent of Phytophthora tropicalis, causal agent of cacao black pod rot in Chiapas, Mexico Bele´n Cha´vez-Ramı´rez . Nadia Denisse Rodrı´guez-Vela´zquez . Cecilia Melisa Mondrago´n-Talonia . Carlos Hugo Avendan˜o-Arrazate . Misael Martı´nez-Bolan˜os . Marı´a Soledad Va´squez-Murrieta . Paulina Estrada de los Santos Received: 23 October 2020 / Accepted: 7 November 2020 Ó Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Cacao represents an important source of income for farmers in the south of Mexico. However, phytosanitary problems have disrupted the production over the years. The use of antagonistic microorganisms as biocontrol agents might improve the production of cacao. In this study, Paenibacillus polymyxa NMA1017, isolated from the rhizosphere of Opuntia ficus-indica L., was used as a biocontrol agent for black pod rot of Theobroma cacao L. cultivated in Chiapas, Mexico. The experiments were carried in vitro and in vivo using pear fruit (Pyrous communis) as model and cacao pods in the field, respectively. The effect of NMA1017 on the phytopathogen was observed by electron microscopy and the production of enzymes was tested as a potential mechanism of action. The bacterium inhibited the radial growth of
Phytophthora tropicalis PtCa-14 by 85.9 ± 0.12%. The strain NMA1017 affected mycelial development, as observed by the damage to the cell wall of the oomycete. In pear fruit, the biocontrol agent controlled the production of mycelium on the pear fruit surface, indicating an inhibitory effect exerted. Cacao pods infected with P. tropicalis in the field resulted in a reduction in disease incidence from 86 to 33% and in infection from 68 to 6%. Moreover, strain NMA1017 produced hydrolytic enzymes such as cellulases, xylanases, chitinases and proteases. The results obtained highlight P. polymyxa NMA1017 as an organism of interest for the biocontrol of P. tropicalis, as a method to rescue this important crop in Mexico. Keywords Theobroma cacao Phytophthora tropicalis Black pod rot Paenibacillus polymyxa
Bele´n Cha´vez-Ramı´rez and Nadia Denisse Rodrı´guezVela´zquez authors have contributed equally. B. Cha´vez-Ramı´rez N. D. Rodrı´guez-Vela´zquez C. M. Mondrago´n-Talonia M. S. Va´squez-Murrieta Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biolo´gicas, Instituto Polite´cnico Nacional. Prol, Carpio Y Plan de Ayala S/N. Col, Santo Toma´s C.P. 11340, Ciudad de Me´xico, Me´xico C. H. Avendan˜o-Arrazate M. Martı´nez-Bolan˜os P. Estrada de los Santos (&) Agrı´colas Y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Campo Experimental Rosario Izapa, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Km 18 Carretera Tapachula-Cacahoata´n, Tuxtla Chico C. P. 30870, Chiapas, Me´xico e-mail: [email protected]
Introduction Theobroma cacao L. belongs to the Malvaceae family. It is the source of cacao, largely used around the world to produce chocolate and other products. The origin of the cacao plant has been traced back to the Mayan ci
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