Paper-Based Nucleic Acid Detection for Point-of-Care Diagnostics
Nucleic acid detection has widely been used in key biosensing applications starting from diagnostics, food and water safety, and forensics. Traditionally operated in the laboratory, it has become an essential method to detect nucleic acids sensitively and
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Jeong Hoon Lee Editor
Paper-Based Medical Diagnostic Devices As a Part of Bioanalysis-Advanced Materials, Methods, and Devices
Bioanalysis Advanced Materials, Methods, and Devices Volume 10
Series Editor Tuan Vo-Dinh, Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
The book series on BIOANALYSIS: Advanced Materials, Methods, and Devices is intended to serve as an authoritative reference source for a broad, interdisciplinary audience involved in the research, teaching, learning, and practice of bioanalytical science and technology. Bioanalysis has experienced explosive growth due to the dramatic convergence of advanced technologies and molecular biology research, which has led to the development of entirely new ways to probe biomolecular and cellular processes as well as biological responses to implanted biomaterials and engineered tissues. Novel optical techniques using a wide variety of reporter gene assays, ion channel probes, and fluorescent probes have provided powerful bioanalytical tools for cell-based assays. Fluorescent reporters allow the development of live cell assays with the ability for in vivo sensing of individual biological responses across cell populations, tracking the transport of biological species within intracellular environments, and monitoring multiple responses from the same cell. Novel classes of labels using inorganic fluorophors based on quantum dots or surface-enhanced Raman scattering labels provide unique possibilities for multiplex bioanalyses. Laser-based technologies are important in the development of ultrasensitive bioanalytical techniques. Lasers are now used as excitation light sources in a wide variety of molecular bioassays. Today, single-molecule detection techniques using laser excitation provide the ultimate tools to elucidate cellular processes. The possibility of fabricating nanoscale materials and components has recently led to the development of devices and techniques that can measure fundamental parameters at the molecular level. With “optical tweezer” techniques, for example, small particles may be trapped by radiation pressure in the focal volume of a high-intensity, focused laser beam. Ingenious optical trapping systems have also been used to measure the force exerted by individual motor proteins. Whereas the laser has provided a new technology for excitation, the miniaturization and mass production of sensor devices and their associated electronic circuitry has radically transformed the ways detection and imaging of biological species can be performed in vivo and ex vivo. Sensor miniaturization has enabled significant advances in imaging technologies over the last decade in such areas as microarrays and biochips for bioanalysis of a wide variety of species. The miniaturization of high-density optical sensor arrays has also led to the development of advanced high-resolution imaging methods at the cellular or molecular scales. With powerful microscopic tools using near-field optics, scientists are now able to image the biochemical process
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