Parametric optimization of biodiesel synthesis from Capparis spinosa oil using NaOH/NaX as nanoheterogeneous catalyst by
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Parametric optimization of biodiesel synthesis from Capparis spinosa oil using NaOH/NaX as nanoheterogeneous catalyst by response surface methodology Maryam Helmi1 · Kambiz Tahvildari2 · Alireza Hemmati3 Received: 28 May 2020 / Revised: 11 October 2020 / Accepted: 14 October 2020 © Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Química 2020
Abstract In this research, Capparis spinosa oil was used as a feedstock for biodiesel production in the presence of NaOH/NaX as a nano heterogeneous catalyst. The NaOH/NaX catalyst was characterized by XRD, SEM, and BET analyses. The transesterification reaction was optimized through response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design (CCD) of experiments. The effects of key variables of catalyst weight, methanol to oil molar ratio, and time on the reaction were studied, and a precise discussion about the impact of each process variable on the biodiesel yield was carried out. The highest biodiesel yield was 90.33% for the optimum reaction conditions that include a constant temperature of 60 °C, methanol to oil molar ratio of 6.7:1, catalyst weight of 2.3 wt%, and reaction time of 1.24 h. Furthermore, all physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel were matched to the ASTM standard. Based on the obtained results, Capparis spinosa oil is a suitable source for biodiesel production. Keywords Transesterification reaction · Zeolite NaX · Heterogeneous catalyst · Capparis spinosa oil · Biodiesel · Response surface methodology
Introduction Nowadays, increasing use of the limited resource of fossil fuel (Avila-León et al. 2020), global warming (Malhotra and Ali 2019), environmental pollution (Teo et al. 2019), and energy crises (Li et al. 2018) have forced researchers to discover renewable and potential alternative fuels (Gebremariam and Marchetti 2018). Among biofuels, since biodiesel is eco-friendly, has low-sulfur and aromatics content, is * Alireza Hemmati [email protected] Maryam Helmi [email protected] Kambiz Tahvildari K_Tahvildari@iau‑tnb.ac.ir 1
Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2
Department of Chemistry, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3
School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
non-toxic, and renewable, it is more widely used in industry and transportation as the green fuel (Zhang et al. 2017; Chiosso et al. 2020). Biodiesel is a long-chain mono-alkyl fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) derived from edible or non-edible vegetable oils and animal fats through transesterification and esterification reactions (Quah et al. 2019). Triglyceride oils as a feedstock for biodiesel production change from country to country (Coelho et al. 2017). Most of the vegetable oils and animal fats are considered a resource for human food, but the use of edible oils is not reasonable (Hoseini et al. 2019). Primarily, the edible oils are imported in the Middle East and using th
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