Passive Sampling for Determination of the Dissolved Concentrations and Chemical Activities of Organic Contaminants in So
The freely dissolved concentrations of organic contaminants in soil and sediment pore waters are relevant for the wide range of fate processes where compound bioavailability plays a role but also for several abiotic processes. However, determining these i
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Contents 1 Fate of Organic Contaminants in Soils and Sediments 2 The Role of Dissolved Organic Contaminants in Soil and Sediment Pore Water 3 Measuring Dissolved Concentrations of Organic Contaminants in Pore Water 4 Passive Sampling for Measuring Dissolved Concentrations of Organic Contaminants 5 Non-depletion Passive Sampling 6 Equilibrium Passive Sampling in Soils and Sediments 7 Confirming the Equilibrium in Equilibrium Passive Sampling 8 Non-equilibrium Passive Sampling in Soils and Sediments 9 Passive Sampling in Soil Slurries Versus Dry Soil 10 Outlook for Passive Sampling in Soils and Sediments References
Abstract The freely dissolved concentrations of organic contaminants in soil and sediment pore waters are relevant for the wide range of fate processes where compound bioavailability plays a role but also for several abiotic processes. However, determining these is challenging due to their low levels and sorption to dissolved organic matter. Here, passive sampling can play a role and involves bringing an inert polymer into direct contact with the soil or sediment matrix such that the dissolved contaminant molecules partition into the polymer until a partitioning equilibrium is reached. Passive sampling has been applied to determine the freely dissolved concentrations of a range of mainly neutral organic contaminants in soils and sediments. For this, a range of formats using different polymers
K. E. C. Smith (*) Department of Water, Environment, Construction and Safety, University of Applied Sciences Magdeburg-Stendal, Magdeburg, Germany e-mail: [email protected] Jose Julio Ortega-Calvo and John Robert Parsons (eds.), Bioavailability of Organic Chemicals in Soil and Sediment, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_572, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
K. E. C. Smith
and architectures have been developed, some targeted towards equilibrium and others towards kinetic passive sampling. The most common polymers for neutral hydrophobic organics include various silicones, polyethylene and polyoxymethylene. However, for the passive sampling of polar and ionic compounds, different polymers with a higher affinity for these compounds are required. For kinetic sampling, in situ calibration methods are needed to account for variations in the uptake kinetics. Keywords Dissolved concentrations, Passive sampling, Pore water, Sediment, Soil
1 Fate of Organic Contaminants in Soils and Sediments In soils and sediments, organic contaminants exist associated with the matrix material, sorbed to dissolved organic matter or as freely dissolved molecules in the pore water [1]. This distribution is determined by the contaminant properties [2], the physical and chemical characteristics of the sorbing matrices [3, 4], environmental conditions [5] as well as contact time [6]. Hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) have the tendency to partition out of the aqueous phase and become sorbed to the solid (e.g. organic matter, combustion residues, mineral material) and nonaqueous liquid (e.g. oils) components of the soil or sediment [1].
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