Pectin-based hydrogels with adjustable properties for controlled delivery of nifedipine: development and optimization
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Pectin‑based hydrogels with adjustable properties for controlled delivery of nifedipine: development and optimization Nyla Ajaz1 · Ikrima Khalid1 · Muhammad Usman Minhas2 · Kashif Barkat3 · Ikram Ullah Khan1 · Haroon Khaild Syed1 · Sajid Asghar1 · Rabia Munir1 · Fahmida Aslam4 Received: 16 February 2019 / Revised: 19 July 2019 / Accepted: 10 December 2019 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Pectin-co-poly acrylic acid (Pec-co-poly (AA)) hydrogels are imperative and new type of chemically cross-linked hydrogels. A research was conducted to develop pHsensitive, controlled release, and biocompatible hydrogels by free radical polymerization and scrutinize the suitability of Pec-co-poly (AA) hydrogels as drug carriers. Different formulations were designed using central composite model. N,N-Methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) was used as a cross-linker and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as an initiator. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that hydrogels are thermally stable. Hydrogels have a porous structure, clearly expressed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results concede the grafting reaction of AA on pectin. Hydrogels were figured out for pH-responsive behaviour by dynamic and equilibrium swelling ratio at low and high pH. The effects of pectin and acrylic acid (AA) content on swelling were also studied and revealed an increasing trend in swelling with increasing concentration of either pectin or AA. Similarly, developed hydrogels were also evaluated for different modalities for drug loading and release employing nifedipine as model drug. Constructed models are found to be suitable prediction tools, with contour plots and response surface plots providing an easy tool for estimation of response nature over entire setting of variables. It is concluded that highly stable Pec-co-poly (AA) hydrogels are developed. These have potential to be used as carrier for controlled delivery of nifedipine. Keywords Hydrogels · Acrylic acid · Nifedipine · Central composite design · Controlled release · pH sensitive
* Ikrima Khalid [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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Polymer Bulletin
Introduction Hydrogels are insoluble, water-swollen, three-dimensional (3D) cross-linked polymeric networks produced by reaction of one or more monomer, polymer, and cross-linker units [1], which have the capacity to hold water within their porous structure. Biocompatibility, biomimetic, great physical performance, good mechanical properties, and phase flexibility are unique features for hydrogels [2–4]. These can be classified on the basis of factors like source (natural or synthetic), ionic charge (cationic, anionic, neutral), type of cross-linking/polymers (physical or chemical), and responsive nature of hydrogels to external stimuli (physical, biological and chemical response) [5, 6]. Water-holding capacity of hydrogels arise mainly due to the pr
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