Peste des petits ruminants in Africa: a review of currently available molecular epidemiological data, 2020
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REVIEW
Peste des petits ruminants in Africa: a review of currently available molecular epidemiological data, 2020 William G. Dundon1 · Adama Diallo2,3,4 · Giovanni Cattoli1 Received: 11 March 2020 / Accepted: 11 June 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Small ruminants (e.g., sheep and goats) contribute considerably to the cash income and nutrition of small farmers in most countries in Africa and Asia. Their husbandry is threatened by the highly infectious transboundary viral disease peste des petits ruminants (PPR) caused by peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV). Given its social and economic impact, PPR is presently being targeted by international organizations for global eradication by 2030. Since its first description in Côte d’Ivoire in 1942, and particularly over the last 10 years, a large amount of molecular epidemiological data on the virus have been generated in Africa. This review aims to consolidate these data in order to have a clearer picture of the current PPR situation in Africa, which will, in turn, assist authorities in global eradication attempts.
Introduction Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), a highly contagious viral disease of small ruminants, continues to cause the death of millions of sheep and goats annually and is a constant threat to the livelihoods of subsistence farmers in many countries in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. The disease is caused by peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV) of the family Paramyxoviridae, subfamily Orthoparamyxovirinae, genus Morbillivirus, species Small ruminant morbillivirus [1]. The genome encodes two non-structural proteins, C and V, and six structural proteins arranged in the order nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein Handling Editor: Bert K. Rima. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04732-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * William G. Dundon [email protected] 1
Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Friedenstrasse, 1, 2444 Vienna, Seibersdorf, Austria
2
CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, ISRA/LNERV, Dakar‑Hann, Senegal
3
UMR ASTRE, Univ. Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France
4
CIRAD, INRA, 34398 Montpellier, France
(M), fusion protein (F), hemagglutinin (H) and viral RNAdependent RNA polymerase (L) [2, 3]. The first sequence from a PPRV isolate was generated by Diallo et al. in 1994 [4] when they cloned the N gene of a vaccine strain originating from Nigeria in 1975, which was followed by the sequencing of the F protein gene [5]. The sequencing of the N and F genes also allowed the development of important molecular diagnostic tools for PPRV that are routinely used today by many [6–10]. Even though the virus is serologically monotypic, PPRV strains have been classified into four genetically distinct lineages (I, II, III and IV) based on partial sequences of the N an
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