Phyllospheric Microbes: Diversity, Functions, Interaction, and Applications in Agriculture
Phyllospheric microbes refer to the microbes resides on the above-ground portion of the different part of the plants such as stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. It includes bacteria, fungi, archaea, protist, algae, etc., and maybe either advantageous or d
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Rupal Gupta and Ravishankar Patil
Abstract
Phyllospheric microbes refer to the microbes resides on the above-ground portion of the different part of the plants such as stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. It includes bacteria, fungi, archaea, protist, algae, etc., and maybe either advantageous or deleterious to the host plant. The valuable microbial community plays a role in plant disease management, plant growth, nutrient acquisition, protection of plant from external environment, and also provides resistance to stress. Phyllospheric microbes are being explored as a biocontrol agent and biofertilizers for sustainable development of agriculture. In the present chapter, we thoroughly discussed about diverse pathogenic and non-pathogenic phyllospheric microorganisms, their ecosystem interaction, and important function in host plant. Furthermore, microbial food safety and application of phyllospheric microflora in sustainable agriculture growth have also been discussed. Keywords
Ecosystem dynamics · Microbial interaction · Phyllospheric microbes · Plant–microbe ecology · Sustainable agriculture
13.1 Introduction Phytomicrobiome refers to the diverse microbes associated with plants and its contiguous environment. This microbial population maybe parasitic, commensal, or mutualistic (Jones et al. 2019; Leveau 2019) and thus may have beneficial, harmful, R. Gupta · R. Patil (*) Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 A. N. Yadav et al. (eds.), Current Trends in Microbial Biotechnology for Sustainable Agriculture, Environmental and Microbial Biotechnology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6949-4_13
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or no detectable effect on growth, development, and function of the plant (Steven et al. 2018; Uroz et al. 2019). They may provide protection to the host plant from pathogenic attack and in turn deal resource exchange affecting plant growth (Stone et al. 2018). The plant environment provides an ecological niche to microbiota in their phyllosphere, rhizosphere, and endosphere (Dong et al. 2019; Yadav et al. 2020b). Phyllosphere is aboveground plant organs that are habitat for various microbes (Farré-Armengol et al. 2016). The volume of soil in the vicinity of a living plant that is influenced by root activity is known as rhizosphere whereas the inner root tissues are inhabited by certain microorganisms which are referred to as endosphere (Bulgarelli et al. 2013). Notably, the microbial community of individual plant hosts is similar within a given environment and it may change according to respective environmental factor changes (Espenshade et al. 2019) (Fig. 13.1). Phyllosphere is the largest and most prevalent habitats for microbes (Dong et al. 2019) influencing host plants in terms of growth and resistance to stress due to biotic and abiotic factors (Glick 2005; Saleem et al. 2017; Compant et al. 2019). They are sufficiently rich enough to impact the global carbon and nitrogen cycle (Delmotte et al. 2
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