Physical activity intensity and surrogate markers for cardiovascular health in adolescents
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Physical activity intensity and surrogate markers for cardiovascular health in adolescents Thomas Radtke • Susi Kriemler • Prisca Eser Hugo Saner • Matthias Wilhelm
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Received: 22 June 2012 / Accepted: 31 October 2012 / Published online: 16 November 2012 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012
Abstract We examined the impact of physical activity (PA) on surrogate markers of cardiovascular health in adolescents. 52 healthy students (28 females, mean age 14.5 ± 0.7 years) were investigated. Microvascular endothelial function was assessed by peripheral arterial tonometry to determine reactive hyperemic index (RHI). Vagal activity was measured using 24 h analysis of heart rate variability [root mean square of successive normal-tonormal intervals (rMSSD)]. Exercise testing was per_ 2peak ) and formed to determine peak oxygen uptake (VO maximum power output. PA was assessed by accelerometry. Linear regression models were performed and adjusted for age, sex, skinfolds, and pubertal status. The cohort was dichotomized into two equally sized activity groups (low vs. high) based on the daily time spent in moderate-tovigorous PA (MVPA, 3,000–5,200 counts.min-1, model 1) and vigorous PA (VPA, [5,200 counts.min-1, model 2). MVPA was an independent predictor for rMSSD (b = 0.448, P = 0.010), and VPA was associated with maximum power output (b = 0.248, P = 0.016). In model 1, the high MVPA group exhibited a higher vagal tone (rMSSD 49.2 ± 13.6 vs. 38.1 ± 11.7 ms, P = 0.006) and a lower systolic blood pressure (107.3 ± 9.9 vs.
Communicated by Keith Phillip George. T. Radtke (&) P. Eser H. Saner M. Wilhelm Division of Cardiovascular Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Cardiology, University Clinic for Cardiology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland e-mail: [email protected] S. Kriemler Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
112.9 ± 8.1 mmHg, P = 0.046). In model 2, the high VPA group had higher maximum power output values (3.9 ± 0.5 vs. 3.4 ± 0.5 W kg-1, P = 0.012). In both models, no significant differences were observed for RHI _ 2peak . In conclusion, in healthy adolescents, PA was and VO associated with beneficial intensity-dependent effects on vagal tone, systolic blood pressure, and exercise capacity, but not on microvascular endothelial function. Keywords Peripheral arterial tonometry Heart rate variability Blood pressure Fitness Accelerometry
Introduction Risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) develop early in life (Berenson et al. 1998) and tend to cluster in adulthood. Physical activity (PA) plays a pivotal role in the prevention of CVD and is inversely related with clustering of CVD risk factors in children and adolescents (Andersen et al. 2006). In adults, reduced exercise capacity, endothelial dysfunction and diminished autonomic nervous system activity are predictive for future cardiovascular events and/or mortality (Myers et al. 2002; Rubinshtein et al. 2011; Tsuji et al. 1994; Z
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