Physical and in vitro evaluation of ultra-fine cohenite particles for the prospective magnetic hyperthermia application
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Physical and in vitro evaluation of ultra‑fine cohenite particles for the prospective magnetic hyperthermia application Asnit Gangwar1 · S. S. Varghese1 · Sher Singh Meena2 · M. K. Viswanadh3 · K. Neogi3 · M. S. Muthu3 · N. K. Prasad1 Received: 3 October 2019 / Accepted: 19 May 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract We report here the structural and biocompatibility studies of bare nanoparticles of θ-Fe3C and its ferrofluid, prepared using pluronic acid F127 as a stabilizer. For both the cases, this carbide was compatible (~ 80% cell viability after 48 h) with A549 human lung carcinoma cells up to a concentration of 2 mg/mL which was comparable to that of its magnetic iron oxide counterparts. The X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy validated its orthorhombic phase having an average particle size of ~ 6 nm. The surface property of the θ-Fe3C sample was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which designates the existence of only Fe and C. The Mössbauer spectroscopy for the sample also verified this carbide phase. The room temperature saturation magnetization for the sample at 2 T was around 78.2 Am2/kg. This value was more than that of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles of similar size. Its ferrofluid displayed substantial temperature rise with time during the magnetic hyperthermia experiment. Consequently, the obtained specific loss power, as well as intrinsic loss power values, were 46 W/g and 0.526 n Hm2/kg, respectively, at a field of 23 mT and 261 kHz. Both the values indicated its suitability for magnetic hyperthermia application.
1 Introduction The bioapplications of magnetic materials (e.g., metallic or oxide) have been discussed to a great length in the literature [1, 2]. These applications could be named as gene transfection nanocarriers [3, 4], magnetic separators [5], as a contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic hyperthermia applicator, sensing, actuators etc.[6, 7]. For the last two decades, researchers have extensively employed both ferro/ferrimagnetic (e.g., FePt, FeCo, iron oxides, or these ferrites, etc.) for these bioapplications [8–11]. The former materials (e.g., bulk Fe, FeCo, etc.) though have higher saturation magnetization ( MS, ~ 220 Am2/kg), but its toxic nature restricts for biological implementation [12, * N. K. Prasad [email protected] 1
Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
2
Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
3
Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
13]. However, these metallic nanoparticles can be used for such biological applications after encasing by the biocompatible novel materials (e.g., Pt, Au, and Ag, etc.). But, it is not cost-effective and simultaneously reduces the MS values [14–18]. Nevertheless, the magnetite/maghemite-bas
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