Physical Optics
This present text has emerged from the lecture notes for a one semester, first year, graduate level course which has been offered yearly since fall 1985 here in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at the University of Colorado at Boulder. E
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Physical Optics Alan Rolf Mickelson Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Colorado at Boulder
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Copyright © 1992 by Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Van Nostrand Reinhold in 1992 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 91-42420 ISBN 978-1-4613-6566-2 All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means̶graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems̶without the written permission of the publisher.
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16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mickelson, Alan Rolf, 1950Physical optics / Alan Rolf Mickelson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4613-6566-2 ISBN 978-1-4615-3530-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-3530-0 1. Optics, Physical. I. Title. QC395.2.M53 1992 535.2̶dc20 91-42420 CIP
To Professor Charles Herach Papas, who taught me not only how to make calculations, but how to figure out what they mean.
Contents Preface Acknowledgments List of Symbols Used
1 Introduction 1.1 About Physical Optics 1.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 1.3 Overview of the Following Chapters References Problems
2 Maxwell's Equations and Plane Wave Propagation 2. 1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6
Introduction Some Preliminaries Monochromatic Plane Waves Polychromatic Plane Waves Propagation in Polarizing Optical Systems Striated Media References Problems
3 Material Polarization and Dispersion 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5
IX Xl
xii 1 1 2 4 5 5
7 7
8
10 29
47 56 73
74
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88 90 92
Introduction Complexity in the Microscopic World A Derivation of the Lorentz-Lorenz Relation The Spring Model of Matter Wave Propagation in Dispersive Media
102 116
3.6 Macroscopic Models of More Exotic Effects References Problems
123 126 126 vii
viii
Contents
4 Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Microscopic Basis for the Existence of an Index Tensor 4.3 Fresnel's and the Index Ellipsoids 4.4 The Normal Surface and the Ray Surface 4.5 Some Propagation Effects in Crystals 4.6 Some Polarization Devices References Problems
136 136 137 139 146 154 160 164 164
5 Geometrical Optics 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The WKB Approximation as it Relates to Geometrical Optics 5.3 The Eikonal Equation 5.4 Energy Flow and Radiometry 5.5 Paraxial Ray Optics 5.6 About Optical Instruments 5.7 Phase Space and Liouville's Theorem References Problems
171 171 172 181 186 196 201 210 216 217
6 Interference 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Michelson Interferometer 6.3 Other Interferometers 6.4 The Fabry-Perot Interferometer 6.5 Young's Interferometer and Spatial Coherence 6.6 Hanbury-Brown and Twiss Interferometer References Problems
226 226 226 237 240 254 262 264 264
7 Diffraction 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Green's Theorem and Scalar Diffraction 7.3 Rayleigh-Som
